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An Overview of COVID-19 Treatment
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saffora Riaz, Farkhanda Manzoor, Dou Deqiang, Najmur Rahman
The separation of B lymphocytes advances the development and hindrance of certain classes of the cells. Intense stage proteins were created that were useful in thermoregulation of the focal sensory system and bone support. Albeit IL-6 assumed favorable to incendiary part and it can likewise have calming impacts. IL-6 would be useful during cardiovascular illnesses, infections, immune system issues, and a few kinds of malignancy. Cytokine discharge disorder (CRS) occurred in the severe pathogenesis represented by fever and various organ dysfunctions, and IL-6 is the primary marker. The interleukins-1β may prevent fibrosis in the lungs because SARS-CoV-2 binds to Toll-Like Receptor of IL-1β that activates after virus contact [10].
Interleukin-6 and the Lung
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Ralph J. Zitnik, Jack A. Elias
A large body of data has recently been accumulated indicating that IL-6 plays an important role in solid tumor development. Tabibzadeh et al. (1989) analyzed pathological specimens from a large number of patients with primary and metastatic malignancies for the production of IL-6. Interleukin-6 was produced by squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck; adenocarcinomas from the colon, breast, and endometrium; and stromal tumors, such as leiomyosarcomas and neurofibrosarcomas. Lymph nodes containing metastatic cancer cells from small-cell lung carcinoma, and various cell lines derived from human bladder cell carcinomas (Rawle et al., 1986), prostatic carcinomas (Siegall et al., 1990), epidermoid carcinoma (Kimbauer et al., 1989), uterine carcinoma (Hirano et al., 1987), and ovarian adenocarcinoma (Watson et al., 1990), also produced IL-6. Furthermore, glioblastoma cells also produce IL-6 bioactivity, and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as tumor cyst fluid from patients with glioblastomas, contained IL-6 (Van Meir et al., 1990).
Drug Repurposing and Novel Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Management
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Shailendra Dwivedi, Aakanksha Rawat, Amit Ranjan, Ruchika Agrawal, Radhieka Misra, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Surekha Kishore, Sanjeev Misra
COVID-19–associated systemic inflammation and hypoxic respiratory failure can be associated with heightened cytokine release, as indicated by elevated blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and ferritin. It is hypothesized that modulating the levels of IL-6 or its effects may alter the course of disease. Several studies have indicated a “cytokine storm” with release of IL-6, IL-1, IL-12, and IL-18, along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and other inflammatory mediators in COVID-19 patients as the main pathogenetic factor resulting in severe damage to lung tissues. The increased pulmonary inflammatory response may result in increased alveolar-capillary gas exchange, making oxygenation difficult in patients with severe illness. Interleukin inhibitors may ameliorate this damage caused by cytokine release. There are two classes of FDA-approved IL-6 inhibitors: anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies (e.g., sarilumab, tocilizumab) and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (siltuximab). Currently, the NIH panel guidelines have recommended against the use of anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies or anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial [17].
Transdermal delivery of inflammatory factors regulated drugs for rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Yanyan Zhang, Zhaoju Gao, Shushu Chao, Wenjuan Lu, Pingping Zhang
BDMARDs can achieve specificity and efficacy anti-inflammatory effects by targeting specific inflammatory factors or inflammatory cells, which have gradually been widely used in the treatment of RA. BDMARDs include TNF-α inhibitors, IL-6 receptor inhibitors, T cell costimulatory inhibitor, anti-CD20 antibody (Zhang et al., 2020; Fraenkel et al., 2021). TNF-α inhibitors include Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Golimumab, Certolizumab, which can binds and inactivates TNF-α to reduce the production of inflammatory factors (Salem et al., 2021). IL-6 receptor inhibitors include tocilizumab and Sarilumab. The monoclonal anti-body tocilizumab can specifically targeted the IL-6 receptor on cell surfaces for the treatment of RA (Nozawa et al., 2019). The T cell costimulatory inhibitor Abatacept could inhibit the binding of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thereby inhibiting the activation of T cells, thus reducing the occurrence of subsequent inflammatory reactions (Blair & Deeks, 2017). Anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that could specifically target CD20 molecules expressed on the surface of B cells, which could cause apoptosis of B cells and reduce the immune response of these B cells (Tavakolpour et al., 2019).
Suppression of cisplatin-induced ovarian injury in rats by chrysin: an experimental study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ahmet Mentese, Nihal Turkmen Alemdar, Ayten Livaoglu, Elif Ayazoglu Demir, Yuksel Aliyazicioglu, Selim Demir
Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are closely related, and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in chemical-induced acute tissue injury (Baykalir et al.2021). Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in tissue damage caused by CDDP-induced toxicity (Sultana et al.2012, Rehman et al.2014). IL-6 is a cytokine with a very important role in pro-inflammatory and immune regulatory networks. Increased levels of IL-6 are considered to be one of the most important markers of inflammation (Hanedan et al.2018). Neutrophil infiltration is an important indicator for acute inflammation and MPO is an enzyme released from activated neutrophils. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between increased MPO levels and the degree of inflammation (Rehman et al.2014). It was determined that CDDP increased IL-6 and MPO levels in ovarian tissue compared to the control group, while CHS treatment significantly decreased these levels in this study. These findings showed that inflammatory processes contribute to CDDP-induced ovarian damage and that CHS inhibits this process with its previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Consistent with our findings, CHS was reported to protect various tissues (colon, liver and kidney) against inflammation induced by different chemicals, including dextran sodium sulphate, colistin, and cyclophosphamide, through decreasing the levels of IL-6 and MPO in previous studies (Dou et al. 2013, Hanedan et al.2018, Temel et al.2020).
Current status and prospects of IL-6–targeting therapy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Masashi Narazaki, Tadamitsu Kishimoto
The approved indications for IL-6–targeting therapy have expanded from chronic inflammatory diseases such as Castleman disease, RA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, large vessel vasculitis, and adult-onset Still’s disease to severe acute inflammatory conditions such as CRS and COVID-19. In addition, IL-6–targeting therapy has been used in NMOSD, suggesting the possibility of beneficial IL-6 inhibition for autoantibody-induced disease. Furthermore, the efficacy of IL-6 inhibition has been confirmed for interstitial lung disease accompanying SSc, and further investigation is required to determine the efficacy of IL-6 inhibition in various diseases associated with fibrosis. It is also expected to be confirmed that IL-6 inhibition prevents myocardial damage after myocardial infarction and also may have a beneficial effect on depression. Analysis of molecular changes in immune cells caused by IL-6 inhibition has also revealed that IL-6 inhibition normalizes neutrophil, B cell, Th17, and Treg parameters. IL-6–targeting therapy may be effective for diseases with these characteristics in immune cells. IL-6 inhibition normalizes serum levels of acute-phase proteins such as CRP that are routine laboratory test items to measure the severity of inflammation; therefore, under IL-6 inhibition, signs of infection should be carefully monitored and diagnosed before the infection becomes serious.