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Monocyte and lymphocyte membrane markers: Ontogeny and clinical significance
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Scott Sugden, Damien Montamat-Sicotte, Karen K. Yam, Joseph Murphy, Bader Yassine Diab, Virginia Litwin
One of the key players of monopoiesis is the transcription factor PU.1. High expression of PU.1 will lead to the activation of different myeloid specific factors such as interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8), kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF-4), and Erg1. PU.1 expression is also indispensable to the expression of macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR, CD115). Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-34 are two ligands for CD155 crucial to monocyte development.
Emerging roles of IL-34 in neurodegenerative and neurological infectious disease
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
IL-34 is a newly discovered cytokine that is produced mainly by keratinocytes and neurons [39, 40]. IL-34 has been identified in many tissues and cells including the embryo, extra-embryonic tissue, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, pregnant uterus, and epithelial cells, and constitutively expressed in adult human tissues, such as heart, brain, liver, spleen, thymus, testis, ovary, prostate, small intestine and colon [35]. Increased levels of IL-34 mRNA observed inside the spleen with IL-34 protein expressed by sinusoidal endothelium in splenic red pulp [35], implicating IL-34 in myeloid growth and differentiation [35]. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of IL-34 and CSF-1 differ in a reciprocal manner suggesting they have complementary regulation [38]. IL-34 and CSF-1 have non-overlapping distributions and distinct functions in the development of microglia in the developing mouse brain [40, 41].
The correlation between interleukin-34 and bone erosion under ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Na Li, Li Jiang, Yehua Cai, Jia Yan Liu, Tianyi Zhao, Ning Kong, Yiyun Yu, Dan Dan Xuan, Hejian Zou, Yu Xue, Weiguo Wan
Periarticular bone erosion is a hallmark manifestation of RA and it can occur soon after disease onset [13]. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the crucial players to resorb bone [14]. OCs mediated bone resorption at the periosteal surface at the edge of the articular cartilage, as well as in subchondral and trabecular bone [15]. These multinucleated giant cells are differentiated from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of hematopoietic myeloid progenitors in response to macrophage colony-stimulated factors (M-CSF) [16] and receptor activator of NF- 17]. A new cytokine IL-34 identified in 2008, which function resembles that of M-CSF, binds to the M-CSF receptor CSFIR (c-fms, CD 115) and can substitute M-CSF in osteoclastogenesis [18]. IL-34 shares important function of M-CSF and regulates myeloid cell survival, differentiation and proliferation [19]. Recently, several studies had founded that IL-34 could be produced by fibroblast-like synovial cells [20] to support osteoclastgenesis. It elevated in serum and synovial fluid of RA patients [21,22], and the elevation decreased after disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) treatment [20]. However, whether IL-34 involves in joint destruction in RA patients and further to be a new biological marker for disease activity or predictor for bone erosions is still unknown. So in this study, we evaluate synovitis and bone erosions by ultrasound to investigate the relationship between IL-34 and bone erosions in RA patients.
Effect of Interleukin-34 on Secretion of Angiogenesis Cytokines by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
Lu Lu Ding, Xin Li, Yi Meng Lei, Li Ping Xia, Jing Lu, Hui Shen
Interleukin (IL)-34 is a newly discovered inflammatory cytokine. It is a homodimeric secreted protein, and its main receptor is colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) (Lin et al., 2008). IL-34 binding to CSF-1R can enhance the activity of macrophages, induce the production of multiple cytokines, promote the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, and mediate autoimmunity and inflammation. Our previous study found that IL-34 levels in serum and synovial fluid in patients with RA were significantly higher and correlated with disease activity (Tian et al., 2013). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that IL-34 expression in synovial tissue was positively correlated with the severity of synovitis (Chemel et al., 2012). Numerous studies have shown that IL-34 can promote osteoclastogenesis and participate in the bone destruction of RA (Hwang et al., 2012). The above results suggested that IL-34 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RA. However, whether IL-34 is involved in angiogenesis in RA and promotes pannus formation in RA have not been reported. One study showed that IL-34 promotes tumor progression and metastasis in osteosarcoma by inducing angiogenesis (Ségaliny et al., 2015). In vitro investigations using endothelial cell precursors and mature HUVECs revealed that IL-34 stimulated endothelial cell proliferation and vascular cord formation. Therefore, we hypothesize that IL-34 may be involved in angiogenesis and pannus formation in RA.