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Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and immune-mediated respiratory diseases
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Dale T. Umetsu, Bart Lambrecht
IL-22, which is produced by TH17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and by ILC3s, is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines and has a very important role in mucosal immunology. Triggering of the IL-22 receptor, expressed by airway epithelial cells and also by intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and hepatocytes, activates STAT3, causing epithelial and stromal cell proliferation, improvement of barrier function, and production of antimicrobial peptides such as S100A7, RegIIIγ, β-defensins, and psoriasin. IL-22 therefore has an important role in host defense against extracellular bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumonia. IL-22 also protects hepatocytes against apoptosis but may play a pathogenic role in psoriasis and colon cancer. IL-22 production is triggered by IL-1β and IL-23, produced by alveolar macrophages and DCs, particularly after TLR and other pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) activation.
Micronutrients in Prevention and Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Arthritis
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) acts an anti-inflammatory cytokine in RA. Other members of IL-10 include IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26, and distant related cytokines are IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. The mRNA levels of IL-10 and IL-19 were increased in synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) from RA patients compared to peripheral blood MCs from RA patients or healthy control volunteers IL-20 and IL-22 mRNAs levels were also elevated in RA SFMCs, but their expression was lower than that of IL-10 and IL-19.51 Further study showed that IL-1beta increased the levels of IL-19 in peripheral blood MCs, suggesting that elevated levels of IL-1β in RA joints contribute to the increased levels of IL-19 mRNA. Differential distributions of IL-10 family among different forms of arthritis are described here.52
Palmoplantar psoriasis
Published in M. Alan Menter, Caitriona Ryan, Psoriasis, 2017
Dario Kivelevitch, Bobbak Mansouri, M. Alan Menter
Additionally, genetic studies on cytokines of the IL-10 family found that certain variants of genes encoding for IL-19/IL-20 increased the risk of developing PPP, whereas other gene variants encoding for IL-20 and IL-24 decreased the risk of developing the disease.18
IL-26 in asthma and COPD
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Eduardo I. Cardenas, Karlhans Fru Che, Jon R. Konradsen, Aihua Bao, Anders Lindén
IL-26 is a homodimeric protein (36 kDa) originally termed AK155 following its discovery in human T cells transformed with herpesvirus saimiri [27]. Given its 25% homology and 47% similarity to IL-10, it is generally considered a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines [27], specifically the IL-20 subfamily. The IL26 gene is flanked by the genes encoding IFNγ and IL22 on chromosome 12q15 [27,28], and to date, expression of IL-26 has been reported in several immune and structural cell types from both healthy and ill individuals. IL-26 has important antimicrobial properties that have been reviewed in detail elsewhere [29,30]. Namely, IL-26 can kill extracellular bacteria via membrane-pore formation [31], reduce the viability of intracellular bacteria [32], form complexes with extracellular DNA (bacterial and self) that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [31], and modulate viral infectivity [33]. In addition, IL-26 can play more traditional ‘cytokine-like’ roles via the heterodimeric (IL-10R2/IL-20R1) IL-26 receptor complex, which results in activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3 [34]. Although the expression of IL-10R2 is broad, IL-20R1 is mostly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells [17]. This limited expression pattern should restrict the action of IL-26 but this cytokine can paradoxically act on cells that do not express the archetypical IL-26 receptor complex (discussed below).
The double-edged role of IL-22 in organ fibrosis
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Jia Chen, RathnaSilviya Lodi, Shiqing Zhang, Zhaoliang Su, Yan Wu, Lin Xia
Although inflammation usually develops before fibrosis, the results of various experimental models showed that fibrosis is not always characterized by persistent inflammation, which means the mechanism that regulates fibrosis is different from the mechanism that controls inflammation. The IL-10 family of cytokines have recently attracted extensive attention as new fibrosis related cytokines, which play pivotal roles in promoting tissue healing and epithelial integrity maintenance [21]. IL-22 is a particular cytokine in the IL-10 family, that is known as a ‘sheep in wolf’s clothing’ due to its dual roles [22,23]. IL-22 is secreted by many immune cells and plays different roles through its mitogenic, proinflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic activities. These functions are determined by IL-22 range and the type of disease involved. If the range exceeds the required concentration, IL-22 may have an opposite effect [24–26]. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-22 signaling in the fibrosis of liver, cardiac, lung, pancreas, skin and intestine, with a focus on IL-22 potential path mechanism and therapeutic effects.
Characterization of novel anti-IL-26 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including psoriasis
Published in mAbs, 2019
Ryo Hatano, Takumi Itoh, Haruna Otsuka, Sayo Okamoto, Eriko Komiya, Satoshi Iwata, Thomas M. Aune, Nam H. Dang, Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai, Kei Ohnuma, Chikao Morimoto
The reactivity of the representative 4 clones to human IL-26 was confirmed by ELISA. As shown in Figure 1(a), all the novel anti-IL-26 mAbs reacted well to the immobilized IL-26, and the absolute value of absorbance increased in an antigen dose-dependent manner. Among them, the absolute value of absorbance to IL-26 incubated with 20–3 mAb or 69–10 mAb was particularly higher than the absorbance to IL-26 incubated with the commercially available anti-IL-26 mAb (Figure 1(a)). Since human IL-26 has been categorized into the IL-10 family, with approximately 25% homology and 47% similarity to human IL-10,29 the reactivity of the novel anti-IL-26 mAbs to immobilized human IL-10 was analyzed. No non-specific binding to human IL-10 was observed in the 4 mAbs and commercially available anti-IL-26 mAb (Figure 1(b)).