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Monocyte and lymphocyte membrane markers: Ontogeny and clinical significance
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Scott Sugden, Damien Montamat-Sicotte, Karen K. Yam, Joseph Murphy, Bader Yassine Diab, Virginia Litwin
Mature B cells express phenotype CD19, sIgM, and sIgD. These transitional B cells (T1, T2/T3) further develop into circulating follicular B cells in the lymph nodes. About 80% of adult B cells are found in the lymph node follicle (follicular B cells), and this population gives rise to germinal center B cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells (terminally differentiated). A small percentage of transitional B cells will differentiate into the marginal zone (MZ) B cells, which is uniquely located in the MZ of the spleen. These cells exist in a pre-activated state, enabling them to respond rapidly.
Lymphatic Spread of Cancer
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
It is reasonable to suggest that early in the biological course of a neoplasm before metastasis occurs, the draining lymph node shows a paracortical T-cell response, at first cytotoxic, inhibiting metastasis, and then later suppressor, permitting it. As long as metastasis is limited there is a follicular B-cell response. In late widespread disease with depressed immunity, there is lymphocytic depletion, perhaps with plasma cell infiltration and hyaline fibrosis.
VLP Vaccines
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Moreover, the Qβ VLPs as a standard antigen contributed markedly to the solution of basic immunological problems. Thus, the in vivo response of marginal zone and follicular B cells to the Qβ VLPs was compared (Gatto et al. 2004). The Qβ VLPs were T cell-independent and induced IgM responses in the absence of T help because of multimeric interactions with cognate B cell receptors that induced a strong activation signal in B cells. It appeared that the marginal zone B cells responded with slightly faster kinetics, but numerically, follicular B cells dominated the response, while both marginal zone and follicular B cells underwent isotype switching, with marginal zone B cells again exhibiting faster kinetics (Gatto et al. 2004; Gatto and Bachmann 2005). The role of the CD21-CD35 complement receptors in the generation of the B cell memory was elucidated by the immunization of the appropriate deficient mice with the Qβ VLPs (Gatto et al. 2005). Using the Qβ VLPs, it was shown that the early B cell proliferation and development of B cell memory in mice were highly antigen-dependent, whereas persisting antigen was not essential for the maintenance of B cell and antibody memory in the late phase of the response (Gatto et al. 2007b). Furthermore, the heterogeneous antibody repertoire of the marginal zone B cells was evaluated after immunization of mice with the two different VLPs, namely, Qβ and AP205 (Gatto et al. 2007a). In this study, the direct comparison of the heavy chain variable region sequences from murine marginal zone and follicular B cells indicated that the response of the marginal zone B cells to the VLPs was clonotypically heterogeneous and suggested that the marginal B cell compartment was capable of generating variable and diverse antibody responses.
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures, Immune Response, and Prognostic Relevance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Paschalis Chatzipantelis, Constantinos A. Contrafouris, Michael I. Koukourakis
Both pTLS- and iTLS-density were directly linked with a better disease-specific postoperative survival. This is in accordance with a study reported by Silina et al. (26), where high TLS-density, assessed with a mixed peritumoral and inner tumor area scoring system, was linked with better prognosis in a series of squamous cell lung carcinomas. Dieu-Nosjean et al. (27), using as a marker the mature dendritic cells homing the lymphoid tissue, also found a direct association of TLS with a favorable prognosis. Germain et al. (28) proposed that the composition of TLS, and more specifically the presence of follicular B-cells, define protective immunity and favorable prognosis. The limited experience published suggests that TLS have an active role in the anti-tumor immune response in NSCLC. Whether TLS may also define the efficacy of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer is unknown. An interesting study, however, supports this hypothesis (29).
B cells and upper airway disease: allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps evaluated
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Harsha H Kariyawasam, Louisa K James
Early B-cell development occurs in bone marrow where the immunoglobulin variable gene is generated by somatic recombination of V (variable) D (diversity) J (joining) segments at the heavy-chain locus and VJ segments at the light-chain locus. The breath-taking diversity of the variable regions is created through the random rearrangement of these gene segments and is further increased by deletion or insertion of nucleotides at the junctions during recombination. It is estimated that the antigen-naïve repertoires could theoretically exceed 1016 variants [35] and in practical terms means that each newly generated B cell has an entirely unique antigen-binding site. Positive selection of immature B cells expressing a functional BCR on their surface permits their exit out of the bone marrow and into the periphery. Further maturation of immature B cells through two distinct transitional stages occurs prior to their commitment to either the follicular or marginal zone B fate, thought to depend in part on the strength of signaling through the BCR [36]. Marginal zone B cells largely reside within discrete spatial regions of secondary lymphoid tissue such as the spleen. They are innate-like B cells important for generating immunity to blood-borne bacterial antigens through rapid production of antibody [37]. The majority of immature B cells become follicular B cells which recirculate through SLOs until they become activated following antigen encounter.
Role of Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS) in cancer immunotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Florent Amatore, Laurent Gorvel, Daniel Olive
Targeting ICOS with antagonist mAb would also reverse immune escape by decreasing Treg function and proliferation [100]. Le et al. [40] showed that Treg generation by follicular B cell lymphoma could be inhibited in vitro by antagonistic anti-ICOS and anti-ICOSL antibodies. In addition, Mo et al. [38] demonstrated in a murine model of prostate cancer that a GM-CSF modified cancer cell vaccine was potentiated by an anti-ICOS monoclonal antibody. Compared to the vaccine alone, anti-ICOS antagonist mAb increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor, and decreased the proportion of ICOS+ Tregs. Finally, Metzger et al. [101] reported in a murine tumor model that an anti-ICOSL neutralizing mAb led to the reduction of intratumoral Tregs and enhanced tumor rejection when administered along with anti-OX40 therapy. This illustrates the interest of depleting infiltrating Tregs while maintaining an antitumor T-cell enhancement.