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Immunological Repertoire of the Dermal Microvascular Unit
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
Richard D. Sontheimer, Michael D. Tharp
While some data would suggest that dermal macrophages exhibit features more representative of the phagocytic macrophage compartment than of the immune macrophage compartment,36 other observations have suggested that the constitutive dermal macrophage population does include a potent antigen-presenting cell type. Cells having the same phenotype as the UV-radiation-recruited HLA-DR+, OKM5+, OKM1− macrophages have been shown to be potent stimulators of suppressor-inducer T cells in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.52 In addition, newborn human foreskin dermal cell suspensions contain an HLA-DR+ cell having a monocyte/macrophage phenotype that appears to be a potent alloantigen-presenting cell.2 It has also been reported that perivascular Ia+ dendritic cells present in normal murine dermis are capable of initiating allergic contact dermatitis reactions.53
Preparation and characterization of itraconazole loaded nanomicelles based on dextran–behenic acid for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Sara Shahriyar, Somayeh Taymouri, Sedigheh Saberi, Parvin Asadi, Majid Tabbakhian
Leishmaniasis is a widespread and serious protozoan infection caused by the intramacrophage parasites of Leishmania spp.; it is transmitted to the host by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. While biting, the insect injects infective metacyclic promastigotes under the mammalian host skin. Within minutes, the infected promastigote is taken up by dermal macrophage and then differentiated to the amastigote form, which multiplies many times within parasitophorous vacuoles; finally, it ruptures the infected cell, evading the surrounding macrophages [1]. Depending on infecting parasites characteristics and the immune status of the host, leishmaniasis has different clinical features; these include (1) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which is characterized by localized single or multiple chronic ulcerating skin lesions present on exposed parts of the body such as face, neck, arms, and legs, (2) mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which is associated with gross mucosal tissue destruction, and (3) visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) involved internal organs, such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow [2].