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Eosinophils in Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
Sohei Makino, Takeshi Fukuda, Shinji Motojima, Tatsuo Yukawa
Eosinopoiesis depends on the presence of T-cells in mice and humans.19 With regard to human eosinophils, three types of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have presently been identified, namely, interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and eosinophil differentiating factor (EDF) or interleukin 5 (IL-5). Although GM-CSF20 and IL-3 are multilineage regulators of neutrophils and macrophages, recombinant human EDF (IL-5) is active only in the eosinophil lineage of myeloid hemopoiesis, suggesting that human IL-5 may play a central role in the regulation of eosinophils in humans.21
Cytokines
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are soluble factors that increase the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of specific blood cells from the pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell. Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) are produced by monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells and promote the formation of monocytes and neutrophils, respectively. Erythropoietin is synthesized in the peritubular cells of the kidney and stimulates and regulates erythrocyte production.
Immunity and Cancer Therapy: Present Status and Future Projections 1
Published in Ronald H. Goldfarb, Theresa L. Whiteside, Tumor Immunology and Cancer Therapy, 2020
Some cytokines, e.g., the colony stimulating factors (CSFs), have regulatory and proliferative activities in the bone marrow and are being investigated clinically in conjunction with intensive chemotherapy for their potential in counteracting bone marrow toxicity. However, after reduction of bone marrow toxicity, other limiting toxicities usually become evident with dose escalation. It is expected that the judicious usage of combinations of drugs with different limiting toxicities may result in a significant improvement of overall dose selection and consequently, increased potential for therapeutic effects.
The Goiânia incident, the semiotics of danger, and the next 10,000 years
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Joseph Clemons, Adam Blumenberg
Observations from serial bone marrow aspirates and biopsies corresponded with changes in granulocyte concentrations. The granulocyte recovery kinetics demonstrated a marked difference between treated and untreated individuals. Moreover, the application of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not appear to influence the recovery of red blood cells or platelets. Four out of eight patients treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor survived, with the fatalities being patients colonized with gram-negative bacteria prior to the initiation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment. The side effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment were generally mild. Some instances of respiratory failure and/or pulmonary edema were reported during therapy, predominantly in patients with bacterial sepsis. Although these episodes were primarily attributed to infection, an effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor could not be definitively excluded. Both patients who exhibited spontaneous hematological recovery survived, with one requiring forearm amputation due to severe radiation burns [15].
An update on the safety of ixazomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Neutropenia is a common side effect of many MM drugs and increases the risk of infections [79]. In the TOURMALINE-MM1 study, the incidence of neutropenia in the IRd group was comparable with placebo-Rd (any grade 33% vs. 31%, grade or higher 22% vs. 24%). Use of colony-stimulating factors was also similar (in 21% patients vs. 20% in placebo-Rd) [41,79]. Like with thrombocytopenia, neutropenia was reported most frequently during the first three cycles, with no long-term cumulative effects. Comparable rates of neutropenia in the ixazomib arm versus placebo arm were also seen in other Phase III trials- TOURMALINE-MM3 (any grade neutropenia 9% vs. 8%), TOURMALINE-MM4 with any grade neutropenia (2.3% vs. 3.3%), with the exception of TOURMALINE-MM2, with neutropenia of any grade (20.1% with IRd vs. 29.8% with placebo-Rd) and Grade 3 or higher (16.9% with IRd vs. 26.9% with placebo-Rd) being more frequent in the placebo-Rd group [65,76,78]. Like with thrombocytopenia, alternating dose modification approach is recommended for ixazomib and lenalidomide for neutropenia [3].
Colony stimulating factors for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in children
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Another type of human colony stimulating factor is granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). One example is sargramostim (Table 1). Similarly, GM-CSF is used to promote hematopoiesis and stimulate cellular and humoral immunity. Sargramostim stimulates hematopoietic precursor cells and increases neutrophil, eosinophil, megakaryocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell production [24]. Compared to G-CSF, GM-CSF has similar efficacy with no difference in time to ANC recovery [27]. However, sargramostim is associated with higher frequency of clinically significant adverse effects than filgrastim such as low-grade fever, bone pain, injection site reactions, rash, headache, and diarrhea. Overall, sargramostim and filgrastim may be therapeutically equivalent and interchangeable in hospitalized patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia [27].