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Otorhinolaryngology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Chris Jephson, C. Martin Bailey
Acute tonsillitis (Fig. 19.28) is usually bilateral and presents with a sore throat, fever, abdominal pain, dysphagia, otalgia and tender cervical lymphadenopathy. Chronic tonsillitis is defined as lasting 6 weeks or more. Features associated with chronic tonsillitis include dysphagia, halitosis, tonsillar hypertrophy or fibrosis, debris-filled tonsillar crypts, persistent cervical lymphadenopathy and poor general health.
Acute tonsillitis
Published in S. Musheer Hussain, Paul White, Kim W Ah-See, Patrick Spielmann, Mary-Louise Montague, ENT Head & Neck Emergencies, 2018
The progression of acute tonsillitis to recurrent acute or chronic tonsillitis is likely to be due to biofilm formation within the tonsils; tonsilloliths represent low grade biofilm infection within the tonsillar crypts.
Pharyngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Although the non-inflammatory indications for tonsillectomy are reasonably defined with further trials in progress, the indication for tonsillectomy in the setting of recurrent/chronic tonsillitis/pharyngitis is controversial, with varied opinions regarding the relative risks and benefits. The controversy stems from the fact that palatine tonsils are only one constituent of the Waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue within the pharynx. Therefore, a patient who has had the tonsils removed can still have inflammation of the surrounding lymphoid tissue leading to recurrent sore throat. Hence, the important clinical question is to differentiate patients with recurrent tonsillitis from those with recurrent generalized pharyngitis presenting with sore throat. The natural history of tonsillitis is for the episodes to become less frequent with time, but there are insufficient epidemiological data for all age groups to allow predictions of this to be made in individual patients.
Distinct microbial communities colonize tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Angelina De Martin, Mechthild Lütge, Yves Stanossek, Céline Engetschwiler, Jovana Cupovic, Kirsty Brown, Izadora Demmer, Martina A. Broglie, Markus B. Geuking, Wolfram Jochum, Kathy D. McCoy, Sandro J. Stoeckli, Burkhard Ludewig
Patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were prospectively enrolled in control cohort 1 with a total of 21 participants that underwent tonsillectomy between May 2017 and May 2020. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) acute or chronic tonsillitis, (b) any disease with immunosuppression, (c) immunosuppressive treatment, and (d) intake of antibiotics up to 4 weeks before surgery. After excision, tonsils were placed on a sterile surface and 4 mm punch biopsies (Stiefel® Biopsy punch) were taken using a sterile single-use stainless-steel instrument immediately in the operation theater using separate sterile pairs of scissors and forceps to avoid cross-contamination between samples. Two biopsies were punched out of the tonsil surface epithelium and two biopsies were taken from tonsillar crypts. Next, tonsils were cut in half with a sterile surgical blade and two lymphoid tissue samples were harvested by punch biopsy.
Fully human anti-CD39 antibody potently inhibits ATPase activity in cancer cells via uncompetitive allosteric mechanism
Published in mAbs, 2020
Bradley N. Spatola, Alana G. Lerner, Clifford Wong, Tracy dela Cruz, Megan Welch, Wanchi Fung, Maria Kovalenko, Karolina Losenkova, Gennady G. Yegutkin, Courtney Beers, John Corbin, Vanessa B. Soros
For localization of ADPase activities in human tonsils, a modification of the lead nitrate method was employed.43 In brief, palatine tonsils were obtained from adult patients with chronic tonsillitis undergoing routine tonsillectomy. The tonsils were washed with physiological salt solution, embedded in the cryo-mold with Tissue-Tek® O.C.T. compound (Sakura Finetek Europe B.V.), cut using a cryostat and stored at −80°C. Tonsil cryosections were pre-incubated for 45 min in Trizma-maleate sucrose buffer (TMSB; 40 mM Trizma® maleate; 0.25 M sucrose, pH 7.4) supplemented with the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole (2 mM) either in the absence (control) or presence of POM-1 (10 μM) or TTX-030 (0.5 μg/ml). The enzymatic reaction was performed then for 30 min at 37°C in a final volume of 20 ml TMSB containing 1.5 mM Pb(NO3)2, 1 mM CaCl2, 300 μM ADP, and tested CD39 inhibitors. The lead orthophosphate precipitated in the course of nucleotidase activity was visualized as a brown deposit by incubating sections in 0.5% (NH4)2S for 30 seconds followed by three washes in Trizma-maleate buffer for 5 min each. Slides were mounted with Aquatex medium (Merck, Germany). Multiple images of adjacent tissue areas were captured using Pannoramic 250 slide scanner (3DHistech Ltd.), and further stitched to a larger overview using the accompanying Pannoramic Viewer 1.15.4 software. The images of control and treated tissue were captured at identical exposure times and further acquired in parallel using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software.
The role of phosphorylcholine-specific immune responses in the tonsils and peripheral blood on IgA nephropathy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Junichiro Ohori, Tomohiro Jimura, Yuichi Kurono
The mean age of 26 patients with IgA nephropathy (15 men and 11 women) was 30.6 years. The control group consisted of 26 patients with chronic tonsillitis (13 men and 13 women) with a mean age of 24 years. Although subjects in the control group were slightly younger than patients with IgA nephropathy, there were no significant differences in age or sex between the two groups (Table 1). The risk of initiating dialysis in patients with IgA nephropathy was classified as low in 6 patients, moderate in 2, high in 8, and super-high in 10. The super-high-risk group had a higher proportion of males and the mean age of this group was significantly greater than those in the other groups (low-risk group vs. super-high-risk group, p < .01; moderate-risk group vs. super-high-risk group, p < .05).