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The Pharynx and Oral Cavity
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
As the tonsils are composed of lymphoid tissue, they may be the site of presentation of a lymphoma, or a non-lymphoid malignancy in the head and neck. Asymmetry in the size of the tonsils is common in younger children, especially following one or more episodes of tonsillitis, and can cause concern and alarm to both doctors and parents. In the great majority of cases this is harmless but, if there is suspicion of a lymphoma, then tonsillectomy for histology is warranted.
Rhinolaryngoscopy for the Allergist
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Jerald W Koepke, William K Dolen
The lingual tonsils are located on either side of the dorsum of the tongue anterior to the epiglottis (Fig. 11.6). The median glossoepiglottic fold and the two lateral glossoepiglottic folds attach the epiglottis to the base of the tongue.
The Lymphatic/Immune System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Inflammation of the lymphatic tissue also occurs because of accumulation of white blood cells and other debris in lymph nodes. Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), for example, is common in pharyngeal infections. Splenitis is an inflammation of the spleen, usually caused by pyemia (a septicemia with numerous abscesses or foci of infection, creating an accumulation of pus in the spleen).
Mixed methods case study exploring primary care antibiotic prescribing practices and maternal expectations of using antibiotics in children
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2021
Helen Bosley, Catherine Henshall, Jane V. Appleton, Debra Jackson
Some mothers did say they would try and persuade GPs to prescribe antibiotics to avoid return appointments. Whilst other mothers were content to use weekend or out of hours GP services, some were not, with reasons being a previously poor experience, long waiting times and inconvenient locations. I think I’m not going to come back; I’ve gone all out to get this appointment so want it dealt with today. FG 1Certainly, a couple of mothers reported if they have been prescribed antibiotics in the past for an illness, they expected to receive them again. They also reported judicious use of antibiotics and finishing the course and perceived receiving an antibiotic prescription as validation for the need for antibiotics and seeing a GP. My son is prone to tonsillitis and my doctor likes to give him antibiotics for it, cos he’s got enlarged tonsils anyway and he’s really prone to it. So, when I call up they say ok we’ll send over a prescription for some antibiotics and we don’t even generally go in anymore. FG 3
Prognostic significance of previous tonsillectomy after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2020
Georgios Gakis, Fahmy Nabil Hassan, Manuel Alexander Schmid, Markus Ölschläger, Stephan Hackenberg, Arnulf Stenzl, Markus Renninger
The tonsils are one of the most important secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. They contain both B- and T-lymphocytes which implies that both the cell-mediated and humoral immune axes are regulated [5]. One of the earliest interventions to the human immune system is in the context of a tonsillectomy (TE). Traditionally, TE has been performed for recurrent acute tonsillitis and related complications. Yet, in recent times, sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea have emerged as primary indications [6]. Therefore, TE remains one of the most common pediatric surgical procedures worldwide [6]. However, little is known about the long-term health consequences of this procedure. It can be hypothesized that early removal of these lymphatic organs may exert a negative effect on the development and function of the immune system. The fact that this procedure is associated with an increased long-term risk of respiratory, infectious and allergic diseases supports this assumption [7]. It has been also shown that TE is associated with an increased risk of cancer for different entities [8,9]. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether previous TE impacts on the oncological outcomes of patients with invasive bladder cancer (BC).
Emerging therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Valentin Baloche, François-Régis Ferrand, Anna Makowska, Caroline Even, Udo Kontny, Pierre Busson
NPC is a multifactorial disease with a viral etiological component. The magnitude of EBV contribution has long been debated. EBV is indeed a ubiquitous virus in the humankind. More than 95% individuals are healthy carriers. Nevertheless, the etiological contribution of EBV to NPC is now undisputable. It is supported by clinical observations: 1) the consistency of EBV infection in typical undifferentiated NPCs regardless of the geographic origin of the patients and 2) the precession of alterations in circulating EBV-markers. In addition, thanks to the recent elaboration of anti-EBNA1 compounds, there is now pharmacological evidence that EBV products contained in malignant NPC cells are required not only for the initiation but also for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype [6]. Recent publications have shown that some EBV strains prevalent in endemic regions bear a higher risk of NPC in otherwise healthy carriers, may be because they undergo more frequent bursts of viral replication in the tonsils [7–9]. Indeed, epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa are located at close proximity to the pharyngeal tonsils. When these cells are affected by preexisting genetic or epigenetic alterations, for example silencing of CDKN2A, they are more prone to enter a state of latent infection upon EBV penetration and simultaneously to switch from a premalignant to a fully malignant phenotype [10].