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Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Antibacterial and hemolytic activities: The mucus of this fish showed antibacterial activity against V. fluvialis, V. alginolyticus, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, and S. aureus with a mean diameter of inhibition of 0.80 cm. With V. parahaemolyticus, the value was 0.87 cm. The blood serum of this species showed similar activity against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus with 0.80 and 0.87 cm, respectively. The blood serum and mucus also displayed hemolytic effects and the mean diameter values of lysis were found to be 1.35 and 1.00 cm, respectively (Caruso et al., 2014). Nutritional values: The by-products of this fish with their high n-3 PUFA, especially EPA and DHA; and triglycerides, phospholipids, and total cholesterol serve as potential sources of nutritional supplements (Messina et al., 2013).
Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
In general, gastrostomy is contraindicated where death is likely in a very short time. Even if feeding were started, survival of the individual after gastrostomy is determined mainly by selection criteria. The majority of people who receive gastrostomy feeding have had a stroke. The immediate procedure-related mortality for PEG should be considered when decisions are taken to insert such devices. Onder et al. (2012) explain how risks can be reduced by considering risk factors like hospital bound infections and monitoring of people’s blood serum albumin levels. Gastrostomy placement is not a trivial decision, and complications of gastrostomy can increase mortality rates. NPSA (2018) reported how mortality increases with NGT placement.
Definition of HLA-Dw Determinants Using Homozygous Typing Cells and the Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Care should be taken when handling blood, serum, or cells because of the possibility of Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Blood obtained by venepuncture is collected in sterile bottles containing 10 U/ml preservative-free heparin and is diluted with an equal volume of RPMI 1640 or similar medium. 10 ml of the diluted blood is layered onto 4 ml of Ficoll-Hypaque in 15 ml tubes and centrifuged at 800 × g for 25 min.
On diagnostic accuracy measure with cut-points criterion for ordinal disease classification based on concordance and discordance
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Jing Kersey, Hani Samawi, Jingjing Yin, Haresh Rochani, Xinyan Zhang
Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease treat only the symptoms and are indicated for patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Should disease-modifying treatments become available in the future, early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease will be necessary to initiate treatment [21]. Biomarker assessment will likely be crucial for identifying early markers of brain changes before cognitive impairment onset [22]. For the biochemical diagnosis of AD, the medical society developed biomarkers, namely, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), include standardization and harmonization of (pre-) analytical procedures [23]. Currently, three core CSF biomarkers for AD diagnostics are estimated for the confirmation of AD. They are the 42 amino acid long amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ142), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181), and total tau protein (T-tau). However, CSF is obtained by invasive lumbar punctures, which has limitations in practice. It is desirable for diagnostic biomarkers that we can obtain with less invasive methods to detect AD early. An appropriate source of biomarkers should promote frequent testing, cause minimal discomfort to the patients, easily follow-up, and provide better consent to clinical trials. Blood serum and plasma can serve as such a source. ADNI study has collected data from various sources, including blood biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cognitive tests, MRI and PET images, and genetics. It is essential to determine which biomarker measures and their associated cut-points best predict the disease's presence.
Targeting depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells potentiates PD-L1 blockade efficacy in gastric and colon cancers
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Yao Tang, Cong Zhou, Qingli Li, Xiaojiao Cheng, Tinglei Huang, Fuli Li, Lina He, Baiweng Zhang, Shuiping Tu
To establish tumor xenograft models, 1 × 106 MFC cells were inoculated s.c. into the flank of syngeneic 615 mice or BALB/c nude mice; 5 × 105 MC38 cells were inoculated s.c. into the flank of C57BL/6 mice. Treatment commenced on d 7 after tumor inoculation when the mean tumor volume reached about 80 mm3-100 mm3. Tumor-bearing mice were injected i.p. with MD5-1 (50 µg/mouse) or anti-PD-L1 mAb (200 µg/mouse, clone 10 F.9G2) or their combination or control IgG (Armenian hamster IgG, clone N/A and rat IgG2b, Clone LTF-2) every 3 d for 3 times in total, respectively. All antibodies were obtained from Bio X Cell. Tumors were measured every 3 d. Tumor volume was calculated as length×width2/2 (mm3). TGI (tumor growth inhibition rate) was calculated by the following formula: [(Ct – C0) – (Tt – T0)]/(Ct – C0) × 100, where Ct or Tt = the mean tumor volume of control or treatment group at time (t), C0 or T0 = the mean tumor volume of control or treatment group at treatment initiation. Mice were humanely euthanized when tumor size reached 20 mm in major diameter. No visible and palpable tumors observed in mice for 3 months after receiving the last injection of MD5-1 plus anti-PD-L1 combination therapy were defined as complete regression (CR). At the endpoint, peripheral blood serum samples were collected for evaluation of the liver, renal, and heart function.
Advancing of titanium medical implants by surface engineering: recent progress and challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
General environmental factors and the conditions where the implants are inserted including pre surgical procedures (sterilization) may play an important role on their osteointegration and infection performances. These conditions need to be considered for designing the implants and their surface characteristics. They are depending on specific implants applications and include many parameters such as temperature, time length exposure, chemical and drug treatment, pH and antibiotic presence which are different for dental and orthopedic implants [79–81]. Changing the pH and environmental chemical concentrations such as NaCl, HCl and KCl could significantly affect the bone cells behavior and the response and bacterial growth [81]. Upon implantation, a implant is immediately in contact with complex host body fluids which conditions can be dependent on patient and the site of implantation. Blood serum is present in most tissues of the body and contains a broad range of proteins including complements and immunoglobulins, key mediators of early immune responses. Dental implants, external fixators and internal orthopedic implants in addition to serum will face other body components such as saliva and crevicular fluid encountered in the oral cavity. Antimicrobial peptides are present in crevicular fluids and saliva to control microbial population, but level of their antimicrobial capabilities in the oral cavity is limited to prevent infection of the implants.