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The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
There are two main types of mononuclear cell (agranulocytes): monocytes and lymphocytes (see Figure 12.5); they have very little granular matter. The mature form of the monocyte that has left the bone marrow is a macrophage. Macrophages can survive for many months; they are phagocytic in nature and leave the bloodstream to enter tissues in later stages of infection. Macrophages release chemicals such as prostaglandins, complement, interferon and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which are important in stimulating T and B lymphocytes as part of the innate immune response.
Interpreting blood results
Published in Philip Woodrow, Nursing Acutely Ill Adults, 2015
As well as overall WCC, differential measurements will be made (see Table 3.3). White cells are divided into two main groups: granulocytesagranulocytes.
The transport and exchange systems: respiratory and cardiovascular
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
Lymphocytes, the most common agranulocyte are found within the blood but, more commonly, within the tissues of the lymphatic (immune) system. Nevertheless, they are the second most common leukocyte (25% of total) in the blood where their role involves producing immunoglobulins (antibodies) which are used to identify and neutralise bacteria and viruses. Monocytes, the largest type of leukocyte (around 6% of total leukocytes), are carried in the blood to sites of infection where they leave the blood to enter the infected tissue where they phagocytise pathogens. Monocytes play additional roles in antigen presentation (capturing antigens and presenting them to lymphocytes to activate an immune response against the antigen) and cytokine release. Cytokines are signal-ling molecules with a wide variety of immunomodulatory functions.
The effect of red-to-near-infrared (R/NIR) irradiation on inflammatory processes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Tomasz Walski, Krystyna Dąbrowska, Anna Drohomirecka, Natalia Jędruchniewicz, Natalia Trochanowska-Pauk, Wojciech Witkiewicz, Małgorzata Komorowska
Mononuclear cells (also called agranulocytes) are a fraction of white blood cells without granules in their cytoplasm and with a one-lobed nucleus. Mononuclear cells in the blood circulation encompass lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes are immunological cells that govern a specific immune response: B cells (lymphocytes type B) are responsible for a specific humoral response, i.e. antibody production, and T cells (lymphocytes type T) mediate the cellular immune response. Both B cells and T cells express specific receptors able to recognize unique antigens. Leukocytes mature in bone marrow (B cells) or in the thymus (T cells) and in humans they constitute 20–40% of the total number of white blood cells (Gulsoy et al. 2006; Geissmann et al. 2010; Gasteiger and Rudensky 2014). Monocytes are less represented in the blood (5–8% of the total number of white blood cells), but their major role is to migrate to tissues, including sites of infection. They are capable of phagocytosis, i.e. they can engulf and neutralize pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages themselves do not recognize pathogens specifically, but they are a key factor in a successful response due to their high potency of phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of a wide variety of stimulatory or regulatory signaling factors for other immunological cells. For example, stimulatory effects of monocytes and lymphocytes result in increased proliferation of fibroblasts and improved wound healing (Gonzalez-Ramos et al. 1996; Rappl et al. 2001; Geissmann et al. 2010; Gasteiger and Rudensky 2014).
Effects of Protein Versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Markers of Immune Response in Master Triathletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Fernando Naclerio, Eneko Larumbe-Zabala, Marcos Seijo, Nadia Ashrafi, Birthe V. Nielsen, Conrad P. Earnest
This study was a randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial employing a double-blind between-participant design. Participants were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: beef protein (PRO, n = 8) or maltodextrin (CHO, n = 8). The primary outcome was resting/basal HNP1–3 concentration and secretion rate. Secondary outcomes included the following: (i) changes in HNP1–3 measured after performing the incremental test to volitional exhaustion in order to examine the acute response to exercise, (ii) leukocyte count, (iii), the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, (iv) peak oxygen uptake (2peak), and (v) total white blood cells, involving granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophil, and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes). All tests were performed at baseline and follow-up. To assess the long-term effect on the basal levels and the exercise-induced changes in concentration and secretion rates of salivary HNP1–3, saliva samples were collected 4 times, pre and post an incremental laboratory exercise test to volitional exhaustion performed before (test 1) and after (test 2) the 10-week intervention period. Following a preintervention screening, the participants were matched for 2peak and age, and then assigned to their respective treatments by block randomization, using a block size of 2, generated by a computer tool.
Core-shell nanotherapeutics with leukocyte membrane camouflage for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Leukocytes are divided into two major groups on the basis of structural and biological characteristics: (1) granulocytes, which contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules, are subdivided into neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. (2) agranulocytes, which lack visible cytoplasmic granules, are subdivided into lymphocytes and monocytes. There are three main types of lymphocytes known as T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, depending on the biological signals they received. So far, monocytes are the most developed source cells for the fabrication of leukocyte membrane coated core-shell nanoparticles.