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Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
In convalescent plasma (CP) therapy, blood from people recovered from an infectious illness is used to transfer antibodies prepared to the patients suffering from it, to help them recover. The use of CP to protection or treatment of infectious diseases is almost 100 years old. It has been used prophylactically as well as a treatment strategy in previous outbreak like Spanish flu and diseases like polio, rabies, measles, Ebola, and hepatitis B. Results of case studies conducted during the MERS and SARS coronavirus outbreaks also supported the fact that CP can be used in COVID-19 and is safe to be used and can cause faster viral clearance, especially in early disease course.
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
As more and more people recovered from COVID-19, their convalescent plasma containing antibodies against COVID-19 became a treatment tool for other people. Early in the pandemic in New York City, the Orthodox Jewish community was hard-hit by the virus. However, many members of their community who recovered made significant convalescent plasma donations to treat people in New York and around the United States (Christakis 2020). However, it has been noted that a survivor’s immune protection after infection varies widely and is typically better if the person had symptoms (Jagannathan and Wang 2021). More recent clinical studies have indicated that it is unclear if convalescent antibodies are useful against severe disease and are not currently recommended for use by the WHO (WHO 2021e).
Drug Repurposing and Novel Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Management
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Shailendra Dwivedi, Aakanksha Rawat, Amit Ranjan, Ruchika Agrawal, Radhieka Misra, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Surekha Kishore, Sanjeev Misra
Convalescent plasma contains antibody-rich plasma products collected from eligible donors, who have recovered from COVID-19. In a US-based retrospective study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma and their effect in the treatment of hospitalized adults with COVID-19 was determined. The primary outcome was death within 30 days after plasma transfusion. Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who did not receive mechanical ventilation, transfusion of plasma with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers was associated with a lower risk of death than transfusion of plasma with lower antibody levels. Among 3,082 patients in the analysis, death within 30 days occurred in 115 of 515 patients (22.3%) in the high-titer group, 549 of 2,006 patients (27.4%) in the medium-titer group, and 166 of 561 patients (29.6%) in the low-titer group. High plasma titer was defined as 250 or greater in the Broad Institute’s neutralizing antibody assay or an S/C cut-off of 12 or higher in the Ortho VITROS IgG assay [42]. The FDA granted EUA on August 23, 2020, for use of convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [43].
Managing blood supplies during natural disasters, humanitarian emergencies, and pandemics: lessons learned from COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2023
Tayler A. Van Denakker, Arwa Z. Al-Riyami, Rita Feghali, Richard Gammon, Cynthia So-Osman, Elizabeth P. Crowe, Ruchika Goel, Herleen Rai, Aaron A.R. Tobian, Evan M. Bloch
The COVID-19 pandemic has proven enormously instructive to the use of antibody-based therapies. Convalescent plasma (CP) is the plasma collected from individuals following the resolution of an infection who have subsequently developed antibodies against the infecting pathogen. Infusion of CP, which imparts passive immunity, has been used for post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of diverse infectious diseases, including prior coronavirus outbreaks (i.e. MERS, SARS), with mixed results [87]. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, several uncontrolled reports from China suggested that COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was safe and may confer clinical benefits such as shorter recovery times and lower mortality [60,88–90]. In the absence of alternative preventive or treatment strategies for COVID-19, this led to widespread collection and transfusion of CCP to treat COVID-19.
Rapid discovery of diverse neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from large-scale synthetic phage libraries
Published in mAbs, 2022
Tom Z. Yuan, Pankaj Garg, Linya Wang, Jordan R. Willis, Eric Kwan, Ana G Lujan Hernandez, Emily Tuscano, Emily N. Sever, Erica Keane, Cinque Soto, Eric M. Mucker, Mallorie E. Fouch, Edgar Davidson, Benjamin J. Doranz, Shweta Kailasan, M. Javad Aman, Haoyang Li, Jay W. Hooper, Erica Ollmann Saphire, James E. Crowe, Qiang Liu, Fumiko Axelrod, Aaron K. Sato
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a respiratory infection that can ultimately lead to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and death. Following the Wuhan outbreak in December 2019,1–3 SARS-CoV-2 quickly achieved global, pandemic spread, culminating in 246,889,661 global cases and 5,003,021 global deaths as of November 1, 2021.4 Safe and effective therapies are therefore needed to combat the transmissibility, pathogenicity, and disease severity of SARS-CoV-2 as new variants of concern emerge. Passive antibody therapy using either convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 survivors or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has proven safe and effective against other betacoronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV.5 Although convalescent plasma is readily available and approved for use in critically ill COVID-19 patients,6 it must be screened for blood-borne pathogens, requires high titers for therapeutic efficacy, and can pose rare but nevertheless notable risks, including transfusion-related acute lung injury, transfusion-associated dyspnea, circulatory overload, and allergic reactions.7,8 These risks can be subjugated through the use of recombinant neutralizing mAbs, the therapeutic agent of convalescent plasma.
Adjunctive treatment with high-titre convalescent plasma in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients – a safe but futile intervention. A comparative cohort study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Wolfgang Paul Hoepler, Lisa Weidner, Marianna Theresia Traugott, Stephanie Neuhold, Elias Laurin Meyer, Alexander Zoufaly, Tamara Seitz, Reinhard Kitzberger, Sebastian Baumgartner, Erich Pawelka, Mario Karolyi, Alexander Grieb, Julian Hind, Hermann Laferl, Emanuela Friese, Christoph Wenisch, Stephan Walter Aberle, Judith Helene Aberle, Lukas Weseslindtner, Christoph Jungbauer
As mentioned above, in our cohort, convalescent plasma was used earlier than in the Chinese study, in which it was administered at a mean of 21.5 days after first detection of viral shedding. As with most other antimicrobial treatment strategies, administering the right dose to the right patient at the right time point – preferably as early as possible – is key to success. In a study published on a pre-print server involving more than 35,000 patients [18], a statistically significant trend towards improved survival was demonstrated if CP was transfused within 3 days after diagnosis of COVID-19 versus 4 days or later. It is therefore not surprising that in one of the first published randomized clinical trials published [19], no mortality benefit could be detected, as patients were randomized to CP at a median of 30 days after symptom onset.