China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Real-World Evidence from Population-Based Cancer Registry Data
Published in Harry Yang, Binbing Yu, Real-World Evidence in Drug Development and Evaluation, 2021
Cancer incidence and mortality rates are essential population-based measures for public health and cancer control [8]. Cancer incidence is defined as how many people get a particular type of cancer. The crude incidence rate is often expressed as the number of cancer cases per 100,000 people in the general population because the crude rates are influenced by the underlying age distribution of the study cohort. Even if two cohorts have the same age-specific rates for each age group, the cohort with a relatively older population tends to have higher crude rates because incidence or death rates for most cancers increase with age. Naturally, the age distribution of a population can shift over time and may be different in different geographic regions. Adjusting the rates by age distribution removes the impact of different age distribution in the comparison of rates from different calendar years and different areas.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE RISK OF CANCER MORTALITY AMONG INDUSTRIAL POPULATIONS
Published in Richard G. Cornell, Statistical Methods for Cancer Studies, 2020
Michael J. Symons, John D. Taulbee
From equation (17) then, sufficient observed numbers for inequality (15) to hold depend entirely upon the person-years in each of the I age groups. One can see that for rare causes of deaths, that is, small specific rates R^ in the standard, more person-years are required to provide the observed numbers that will assure inequality (15) of holding. These can be increased for a fixed initial cohort age distribution by increasing the follow-up time.
The Tremin Trust: An Intergenerational Research Program on Events Associated with Women’s Menstrual and Reproductive Lives
Published in Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
Ann M. Voda, Julene Morgan, Janet Root, Ken R. Smith
The age distribution of active participants is bimodal, heavily weighted toward the enrollment periods of groups 1 and 2 with daughters, granddaughters, and Alaskan women filling in between and to the right and left of those two peaks. The age distribution of all active participants is shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2.
Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 COVID-19 booster vaccinations after two doses of BNT162b2 among healthcare workers in Japan: a prospective observational study
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Toshio Naito, Nao Tsuchida, Susumu Kusunoki, Yoshihiro Kaneko, Morikuni Tobita, Satoshi Hori, Suminobu Ito
This study has several limitations. First, the study subjects received vaccinations in accordance with the vaccine roll-out program without randomization; therefore, it should be noted that the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 subgroups were not comparable in all baseline demographics. Our study cohort consisted of healthcare workers and therefore in terms of age distribution, the majority of participants were of working-age, this may potentially constrain the generalizability of our results, especially for the elder age groups. Finally, the correlation between the anti-Spike IgG response and effectiveness against COVID-19, and breakthrough antibody responses remain to be confirmed with long-term follow-up. This study focused on mRNA vaccines, future studies may include examining the efficacy and adverse reaction in subjects who received recombinant viral vectors, and on the most effective regimen combination with less vaccine injections.
Patient-reported ‘treatment injuries’ after hand surgery. A review of 1321 claims submitted to the Norwegian system of patient injury compensation 2007–2017
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Sunniva Martine Kolstad Addison, Lisa Sofie Albrigtsen, Ida Rashida Khan Bukholm, Hebe Désirée Kvernmo
Of 34.2% of the 609 diagnoses treated electively were accepted. Women predominated in relation to men (59.3 vs. 40.7%, p < .05). The mean age of the elective group was 50.8 years (SD 13.9). Age distribution was 29.6% in the 50–59 years group, 22.8% in the 40–49 years group and 19.4% in the 60–69 years group. The diagnosis ‘G56 – Mononeuropathies of upper limb’ dominated, accounting for 40% of the accepted claims for elective hand surgery (Table 2). ‘G56.0 – Carpal tunnel syndrome’ accounted for 86.9% of these and ‘G56.2 – Lesion of ulnar nerve’ for 10.7%. The second-largest elective diagnosis was ‘M18 – Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint’, accounted for 16%. ‘M65 – Synovitis and tenosynovitis’ accounted for 11.1% of accepted claims, but this diagnosis had the highest rate of acceptance for elective cases at 41.8%. ‘M 72 – Fibroblastic disorders’ accounted for 11% of accepted claims for elective hand surgery. ‘M72.0 – Palmar fascial fibromatosis [Dupuytren]’ accounting for 97.5% of this diagnosis, but at a low acceptance rate. 82.2% of elective cases were accepted based on ‘failure in treatment’ (Figures 2 and 3).
ALS and fertility: does ALS affect number of children patients have?
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
HIlmi Uysal, Uğur Bilge, Nevruz İlhanli, Marta Gromicho, Julian Grosskreutz, Magdalena Kuzma-Kozakiewicz, Susana Pinto, Susanne Petri, Katarzyna Szacka, Krzysztof Nieporecki, Mamede De Carvalho
Cases of ALS increase with age, reaching a peak between 65 and 75 years, and tend to decrease for men and later for women from the age of 75 (3). When the life expectancies are analyzed, the life expectancy in many areas with high population density (South and East Asia, Africa, South America) has not reached these ages as of now, but there is a rapid aging process in all societies. In the near future, the age distribution of the population in these regions will develop in line with the countries of Northern Europe and North America. This will mean a significant population increase in the age group with a high risk of developing ALS, leading to an increase in the incidence and prevalence of ALS. A new study involving ten regions (China, Europe, Iran, Japan, Libya, New Zealand, Serbia, Taiwan, the USA, and Uruguay) and data from 34% of the world’s population foresees a major increase in the prevalence of ALS (31).