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Sampling Theory
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Another example of stratification is given in Figure 21.4, where we see the 9 provinces of South Africa and their estimated total fertility rates (tfr) for 2016-2021 [314]. The tfr is defined to be the average number of children born to women during their child bearing years, here taken to be ages 15 to 49. The rates vary across provinces, so knowing all provincial numbers is of use to policy makers and other stakeholders. If we wish to aggregate further and get a single tfr to represent the entire nation, we can of course use the country-wide tfr, but we can also calculate it from the nine provincial numbers. If we accept the population numbers and proportions shown in Table 21.1 as accurate, we can use the formula from Section 3.2 to define the country average:
South Korea's Prospect for Aging and Preparation for the Future
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
The median lifetime expectancy of Koreans has increased by over 20 years in the last 50 years. In contrast, the total fertility rate sharply decreased from 4.53 to 0.98 during the same period. In 2000, Korea became an aging society in which elderly people over 65 of the population make up 7% of the entire population. In 2018, 14% of the population were drawn up of aged people and became an aged society. If this is the trend, in the year 2050, 20% of the population will be made up of old people and get a super-aged society (Lee et al., 2011).
Population Health and Systems of Neurological Care
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Philip B. Gorelick, Jong S. Kim, Hee-Joon Bae
However, South Korea is challenged by an increasing incidence of ischemic stroke associated with continuously increasing average life expectancy. For men, the rate increased from 51.1 in the 1960s to 79.7 in 2017, while for women, it increased from 53.7 in the 1960s to 85.7 in 2017. At the same time, the total fertility rate is sharply decreasing, from 1.67 in 1985 to 0.98 in 2018. The country of South Korea anticipates a rapid rise in overall medical expenditures given the rapidly increasing elderly population. Finally, establishment of a more expansive but cost-effective organized stroke care system (e.g. at the level of EMS, rehabilitation, receiving hospitals, physicians, and public sector) is anticipated given the expected population shifts based on life expectancy predictions.
Dynamics of environmental pollution, socio-economic factors, and total fertility rate in MENA, ECOWAS, and ASEAN regions
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
In investigating the study objective, a panel data estimation, the equation can be derived to adequately capture the effects of environmental pollution and socio-economic factors on total fertility rate using the dataset from MENA, ECOWAS and ASEAN regions. The empirical models follow a modified version of Becker (1965) and Easterlin (1975) as anchored in panel fixed-effect (FE) model. Therefore, the model controls the endogeneity and autocorrelation problems in analyzing environmental pollution and socio-economic factors (Hansen, 2020). Hence, the total fertility rate is taken to be a function of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, population, income, education, urbanization, and life expectancy (health proxy). This can be abbreviated into a mathematical function relationship as in equation (1):
The impact of females’ economic well-being on fertility: Race and ethnicity
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
Fertility is an important factor in both strengthening family bonds and in creating the next generation to contribute to society and to economic productivity around the world. Historically, however, the fertility rate has decreased during economic crises, which have subsequently been shown to influence the average number of children being born (Hamilton et al., 2015). Specifically, the total fertility rate was low during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the Energy Crisis in the 1970s, and the Great Regression in the 2000s (Hamilton et al., 2015). As such, just as changes in the economic climate might affect the fertility rate, individual economic hardships might also be related to low rates of fertility. Previous research has focused mainly on the effect of overall economic climates on fertility rates. However, little is known about the effect of individual economic well-being on the fertility rate. Given that ethnic/racial groups have disparities in economic well-being, such as higher poverty and lower income levels (Hughes et al., 2014; Menselson et al., 2008), the effects of individual economic well-being on fertility rates may differ across ethnicity/race. Given that minorities live in many countries in the world, the ethnic/racial disparities have international and interdisciplinary appeal explaining differences of economic well-being and fertility among minorities living in diverse countries.
Current Status of Thalassemia in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Alongkone Phengsavanh, Sourideth Sengchanh, Chanthala Souksakhone, Boupalisone Souvanlasy, Vanphanom Sychareun
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a small landlocked country, located in Southeast Asia, sharing borders with Thailand, Myanmar, China, Vietnam and Cambodia. Lao PDR is classified into the list of low to middle income countries. Health outcomes such as life expectancy in Lao PDR have improved significantly (Table 1). Compared to women, men have a lower life expectancy of 66.43 years than the average (68.22 years), and lower than that of women’s that was 70.6 years in 2020 [1]. Improvements have also been observed in the total fertility rate that was reduced from 6.30% to 2.65% between 2011 and 2018. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 54.1% [2]. Child mortality was 48.4 per 1000 live births in 2018. The maternal mortality ratio was 167 per 100,000 live births in 2019 [2,3]. However, it remains high compared to the rest of the region. The nutritional status of children under 5 years remains challenging and a priority for the government. For instance, 32.5% of children under the age of 5 have low height for their age and 20.5% were underweight for their age in 2019.