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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Prevention of breast cancer primarily includes lifestyle modification, chemoprevention, and surgical prevention. Lifestyle modification involves changes in behavior such as smoking cessation, a healthy diet, alcohol reduction, and regular exercise. Screening for the early detection of breast cancer is important. Monthly self-breast examination is required. Screening with clinical breast examination, mammography, and MRI must be done. Mammography is most accurate for older women. For women with an average risk of breast cancer, screening mammography generally begins at age 40, 45, or 50 and then annually or every 2 years. The patient must be educated about the risks for breast cancer.
Breast
Published in Ian Mann, Alastair Noyce, The Finalist’s Guide to Passing the OSCE, 2021
If the patient has indicated that they have found a lump in one of their breasts, start your examination on the normal side. There are two main techniques for breast examination, although you may have seen clinicians perform variations of these. You can use a ‘lawnmower’ technique, starting in one corner of the examination field and palpating from side to side or up and down systematically until you have covered the entire breast, including the axillary tail. Alternatively, one can divide the breast into quarters (plus the central nipple area) and palpate each of these five areas separately.
Role of 99mTc Sestamibi Scintimammography for the Evaluation of Breast
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Iraj Khalkhali, Jorge Tolmos, Linda Diggles
A thorough explanation of the procedure by the technologist or physician will decrease patient anxiety and improve patient cooperation. A meticulous medical history and physical examination are performed, including any history of allelic reaction to the radiopharmaceutical agent or problems with the upper-extremity venous system. Recent mammograms and other breast imaging studies should be available for correlation with the scintimammograms (SMMs). A breast examination is essential to describe the location of any palpable masses or skin lesions.
Breast health, risk factors, and cancer screening among lesbian, bisexual, and queer/questioning women in China
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Piper Liping Liu, Tien Ee Dominic Yeo
This study seeks to address the lack of knowledge about the breath health and risks of LBQW in China by (a) profiling the risk factors, abnormalities presented, and screening behaviors among a sample of this population and (b) identifying the salient determinants of their behavioral intentions and past behaviors of performing breast examination. The theoretical framework adopted to guide the investigation of salient determinants is the integrated behavioral model, which posits that behavioral intention (a function of attitude, perceived norm, and personal agency) is the primary determinant of behavior plus other factors such as knowledge (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2015). In this study, the pertinent attitude, perceived norm, and personal agency involved are operationalized through a set of health belief constructs and tested alongside knowledge and information exposure for their influence on BSE or CBE intention and behavior.
Atypical Pyoderma gangrenosum: a case of delayed recognition
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Anum Qureshi, Kia Persaud, Sajida Zulfiqar, Ranadheer Dande, Chahat Puri, Shankar Awasthi
We present the case of a 46 year old woman with a history of Crohn’s disease on mesalamine and iridocyclitis, who presented with left breast pain. She first noticed mild skin irritation which she attributed to the presence of her undergarment, but a small pimple subsequently developed and continued to progress to a reddish/bluish discoloration with brown discharge, then became swollen. Four days after the initial onset, she presented to the emergency department with severe breast pain. She denied constitutional symptoms such as fevers, chills and weight loss. She reported a normal mammogram 6 months prior. On presentation, she was tachycardic at 118 bpm and hypertensive at 147/98. She was afebrile with a normal respiratory rate. Breast examination revealed edema and erythema with skin breakdown and significant tenderness on palpation.
The cost-effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2021
Andrea Hannah Kaiser, Björn Ekman, Madeleine Dimarco, Jesper Sundewall
HPV vaccination against infection with two and four different types of HPV (bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines) of pre-adolescent girls prior to sexual initiation to prevent cervical cancer was cost-effective in nearly all country settings analysed. Vaccinating adolescent boys was not cost-effective. Cervical cancer screening with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and VIA followed by cytology one to three times per lifetime was cost-effective in countries within all WHO regions. Provider-collected HPV-DNA testing one to three times per lifetime was also cost-effective, while the cost-effectiveness of HPV self-collection was inconclusive. Only a few publications reporting on cervical cancer treatment were identified, suggesting lesion removal, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection to be cost-effective. For early breast cancer detection, clinical breast examination was cost-effective in all settings, while the results for mammography screening varied greatly. Similarly, results for evaluated breast cancer chemotherapy regimens differed, rendering a statement on their cost-effectiveness impossible. Treatment with lumpectomy, radiotherapy, mastectomy, adjuvant oophorectomy, and tamoxifen were cost-effective. Regarding other forms of reproductive cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced ovarian patients was not cost-effective, while a population-based prostate cancer screening programme was suggested to be cost-effective.