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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
That brings us to the third component, satiety. Satiety is the sense of fullness we feel after eating a large meal. It has several recognized components. First, there is the factor of gastric distention. This sends afferent signals to the brain through the vagus nerve to instruct the hypothalamic weight control center that food seeking should stop. Next is the suppression of ghrelin secretion and the absence of orexigenic signaling. The final aspect is the secretion of gut hormones including amylin, GIP and GLP 1. These hormones send an anorectic signal to the hypothalamic weight control center (see Figure 16.2).
Retronasal Olfaction
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Jason J. Gruss, Alan R. Hirsch
Along with hunger, there should be a discussion of satiety. Satiety can be described as the signal to stop eating. Satiety is controlled in several ways. There is chemosensory satiety, the signal to stop eating due to sufficient chemosensory input. There is also gastric fullness, the stretch response of a filled stomach. There are other forms of satiety that can focus on negative feedback, such as revulsion, nausea, etc. These are often triggered through chemosensory mechanisms but can be triggered by other stimuli. For example, the taste of spoiled milk may trigger nausea and stop a person from eating. Alternatively, watching someone else become physically ill from ingesting spoiled milk may also trigger satiety, without any chemosensory input.
Infant Nutrition
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Olivia Mayer, Yasemin Cagil, John Kerner
Infants do not need water for hydration. Their hydration needs are met by human milk or formula, and eventually water from food. Providing water may lead to false satiety and a decrease in energy intake from human milk, formula, or food. At the discretion of a primary care provider or pediatrician, small amounts of water or an oral-rehydration solution (less than 30 mL [1 oz] at a time) may be given to alleviate the symptoms of dehydration if an infant has prolonged diarrhea, develops an ongoing fever (greater than or equal to 100.4°F or 38°C), or is exposed to hot temperatures for an extended period of time.
Therapeutic effects of the gold nanoparticle on obesity-triggered neuroinflammation: a review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Jessica Abel, Mariella Reinol da Silva, Ana Beatriz Costa, Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira, Larissa Espindola da Silva, Larissa Marques Dela Vedova, Talita Farias Mendes, Gisele Tartari, Jonathann Correa Possato, Gabriela Kozuchovski Ferreira, Ricardo Andrez Machado de Avila, Gislaine Tezza Rezin
In addition to the hypothalamus, other brain structures are subject to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. The hypothalamus is formed by the arched nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus [46]. The arched nucleus is related to the control of energy homeostasis, where orexigenic and anorethine neurons act. Both have opposite physiological functions and are able to identify peripheral signals such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, as well as central signals such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and melanocortin. By doing this, they modulate the regulation of appetite, caloric expenditure, and metabolism. Thus, the hypothalamus is popularly called the centre of satiety, and its dysfunction therefore impairs the interpretation of hunger and satiety [47].
From leptin to lasers: the past and present of mouse models of obesity
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Joshua R. Barton, Adam E. Snook, Scott A. Waldman
Ten years later, Coleman’s first parabiosis experiments coupled a db/db mouse to a wild type C57Bl/KsJ mouse in search of a factor that might sensitize the db/db animals to insulin and normalize their blood sugar [22]. These conventional parabiosis studies measured the effect of shared circulation on the mice during parabiosis. Instead of rescuing the diabetic phenotype, parabiosis between db/db and wild type mice lead to the starvation and swift death (median survival time 23 days) of the wild type animals. Similar results had been found in a parabiosis study 10 years earlier, where rats with hypothalamic lesions had been surgically fused with uninjured rats [23]. Rats with bilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions overeat, gain weight, and become obese. Healthy, lesion-less rats coupled to obese, lesioned rats suffered the same fate as the wild type mice coupled to db/db mice: anorexia and eventual death. These studies led to the hypothesis that db/db and lesioned mice overproduced a satiety factor to which they were somehow unable to respond. The hypothalamic lesioning experiments implied that receptors for the satiety response were located in the ventromedial hypothalamus.
Characterization of raft-forming alginate suspensions formed in HCl or model food systems at varying pH levels to better simulate gastric postprandial conditions
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
S. Keppler, G. Mannara, F. Marra, G. M. Bornhorst
These results suggest that the type of food that is consumed prior to consumption of a raft forming alginate affects raft mass. As a result, it may influence the raft functionality as a physical barrier between the stomach and esophagus, potentially impacting the therapeutic efficacy. In addition to being used as a therapeutic agent to combat GERD, alginate formulations may also impact satiety due to their gelling properties. Increased satiety after intake of increased amounts of food has been reported in vivo [34]. Moreover, Peters, Koppert [35] found reduced hunger in an in vivo study involving 23 volunteers after consumption of drink formulations containing increased amounts of alginate. Similarly, Hoad, Rayment [12] reported the formation of intragastric gels after consumption of a beverage with 1% alginate, which increased the feeling of fullness compared to a control beverage (without alginate). An increased raft mass in the stomach may have an effect on satiety, which could be utilized in approaches to facilitate weight loss.