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Distribution and Characteristics of Brain Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The ventromedial nucleus sits close to the base of the diencephalon, adjacent to the third ventricle, and above the median eminence and pituitary complex [27]. It is a bilateral cell group with an elliptical shape, composed of several subdivisions—anterior, dorsomedial, ventromedial and central—which differ anatomically, neurochemically and behaviorally. The VMH is highly conserved across species and has served as a model for studying the neuronal organization into nuclei during embryogenesis. The VMH is involved with energy balance, feeding and obesity and has been well recognized as an integral part of the complex hypothalamic circuity that regulates satiety. Several neuropeptides, which are either produced locally, or act upon their respective receptors, i.e., neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, urocortin, and CRH, regulate energy balance. A subset of neurons within the VMH also has a high expression of estrogen receptors and play a role in the regulation of female sexual behavior, specifically of the lordosis response, an arching of the back that is a posture assumed by some female mammals during mating.
Regulation of Food Intake
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Surya Panicker Rajeev, Ian W. Seetho, John P.H. Wilding, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
The LHA comprises populations of nuclei that receive projections from the ARC and express the orexigenic neuropeptides melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin [3]. NPY neurons synapse with orexin and MCH nuclei in the LHA. MCH levels rise during fasting and stimulate appetite [11]. Excess MCH expression in transgenic mice leads to obesity [12], while mice with MCH deficiency are lean [13]. Orexins A and B stimulate appetite and are produced by neurons in the LHA that project to the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, locus coeruleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, and raphe nucleus [2]. Glucose-sensing neurons have been found in the LHA, ARC, and ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus that respond to fluctuations in local extracellular glucose concentration [3,4].
Hypothalmic-Pituitary Regulation and Aging
Published in Richard C. Adelman, George S. Roth, Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Aging, 2017
Arthur V. Everitt, Jennifer Wyndham
Destruction of the ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus leads to overeating and obesity in the rat107-110 and mouse.111 A number of studies112-115 associate overnutrition and obesity with an increased incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular-renal system, diabetes mellitus, and tumors. Thus rats with ventromedial lesions may be used to study the relationship between food intake and aging. Genetic obese rats112,116,117 and mice118 may serve the same purpose.
Therapeutic effects of the gold nanoparticle on obesity-triggered neuroinflammation: a review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Jessica Abel, Mariella Reinol da Silva, Ana Beatriz Costa, Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira, Larissa Espindola da Silva, Larissa Marques Dela Vedova, Talita Farias Mendes, Gisele Tartari, Jonathann Correa Possato, Gabriela Kozuchovski Ferreira, Ricardo Andrez Machado de Avila, Gislaine Tezza Rezin
In addition to the hypothalamus, other brain structures are subject to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. The hypothalamus is formed by the arched nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus [46]. The arched nucleus is related to the control of energy homeostasis, where orexigenic and anorethine neurons act. Both have opposite physiological functions and are able to identify peripheral signals such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, as well as central signals such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and melanocortin. By doing this, they modulate the regulation of appetite, caloric expenditure, and metabolism. Thus, the hypothalamus is popularly called the centre of satiety, and its dysfunction therefore impairs the interpretation of hunger and satiety [47].
Leptin’s Immune Action: A Review Beyond Satiety
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Alice Abend Bardagi, Clarissa dos Santos Paschoal, Giovanna Ganem Favero, Luisa Riccetto, Maria Luisa Alexandrino Dias, Gil Guerra Junior, Giovanna Degasperi
The hypothalamus is a small, but important area of the brain involved in the control of hunger and satiety, firstly discovered by analyzing injuries in specific hypothalamic areas. Injuries in the ventromedial nucleus are responsible for hyperphagia and obesity. In the lateral nucleus, they lead to hypophagia and weight loss (Anand and Brobeck 1951). Another area involved in this regulation is the arcuate nucleus, whose blood-brain barrier (BBB) is more permeable, hence allowing communication between peripheral hormones and the central nervous system (Cone et al. 2001). The arcuate nucleus harbors two distinct neuron populations expressing different neuropeptides. The first population consists of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons, which are responsible for an anorexigenic response, contributing to the decrease of food intake and increase in energy expenditure. The second one consists of agouti-related peptides (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, which are orexigenic, being responsible for inducing an increase in food intake and a decrease in energy expenditure (Andermann and Lowell 2017).