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Anatomy
Published in Michael Stolberg, Gabrielle Falloppia, 1522/23–1562, 2023
The lacteals, as we understand them today, are lymphatic vessels that originate from the small intestines, where they absorb the fatty substances from the digested food and feed them as liquid chyle into the larger lymphatic vessels. Together with the lymph of the lower extremities and the abdomen this chyle ultimately enters the venous blood via the ductus thoracicus at the junction of the left subclavian and the left internal jugular vein. Most of the time, the lacteals are difficult to see with the naked eye but they fill with a whitish-yellowish fluid shortly after food has been taken in. They owe the name “lacteals” to this “milky” color.
Contemporary Feeding Practices in Infancy and Early Childhood in Developing Countries
Published in Frank Falkner, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide:, 2021
The feeding of various substances prior to the first breast-feed has been reported in many communities around the world. A common reason for giving pre-lacteal feeds is the rejection of colostrum as unclean or unwholesome. A further reason in some cultures is the belief that the meconium is harmful. Pre-lacteal feeds thus include colostrum-substitutes (e.g. diluted animal milks) and substances with a purgative action (e.g. oil, butter). Examples of traditional pre-lacteal feeds are shown in Table I.
The Small IntestineSecretions, Digestion and Motility
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The organization of the blood supply of the villus promotes the absorption of nutrients. Each villus has an arteriole that gives rise to capillary systems at the tip of the villus, which subsequently drain into venules that flow into the portal vein. Lymphatic vessels called lacteals extend to the tip of the villus and carry absorbed fats to the thoracic duct.
Enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of revaprazan using self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Yoon Tae Goo, Cheol-Ki Sa, Min Song Kim, Gi Hyeong Sin, Chang Hyun Kim, Hyeon Kyun Kim, Myung Joo Kang, Sangkil Lee, Young Wook Choi
Following ingestion by enterocytes, drugs and digested lipids are eventually transported into lacteals by forming chylomicrons. This uptake typically takes place in the small intestine, particularly the jejunum (Buhman et al. 2002). CYC had strong inhibitory effects against lymphatic absorption in the jejunum and ileum, showing 40–45% reduction of Peff values by CYC treatment (Figure 3). These results corresponded to earlier reports, in which CYC effectively hindered lymphatic transport in these sites (Sun et al. 2011; Tang et al. 2013). In particular, the degree of lymphatic transport through the jejunum was governed by the proportion of medium chain triglyceride, in which jejunal lymphatic uptake decreased by up to 50% as the proportion of the oil increased from 15% to 35% after treatment of CYC (Sun et al. 2011). Likewise, in this study, Capmul MCM could promote the jejunal lymphatic transport of RVP. CYC has also been known for inhibiting lymphatic transport via the M cells which typically exist around the ileum. By blocking the synthesis of essential proteins for phagocytosis, such as actin, lymphatic uptake from the ileum significantly decreased following treatment of CYC (Clotworthy and Traynor 2006; Makwana et al. 2015; Li et al. 2017). The decreased intestinal absorption after treatment of CYC elucidated that the present SNEDDS could efficiently deliver its cargo via lymph nodes.
Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Takayuki Yoshida, Hiroyuki Kojima, Kazuhiro Sako, Hiromu Kondo
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that absorb dietary fats (Bernier-Latmani and Petrova 2017). After oral ingestion of lipids, triglycerides in the intestinal tract are emulsified by bile acids and degraded by lipase. Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterol are absorbed from the intestinal tract into enterocytes, in which they form chylomicrons (75–1200 nm) (Chance and Glickson 2006). The sizes of chylomicrons released from enterocytes to the intercellular space prevent them from entering blood capillaries and are therefore transported to the lacteals through their intercellular flap valves (Bernier-Latmani and Petrova 2017). These chylomicrons are subsequently transferred to the collecting lymphatic vessels, the lymphatic duct, and the subclavian vein (Bernier-Latmani and Petrova 2017).
Bioadhesive polymer/lipid hybrid nanoparticles as oral delivery system of raloxifene with enhancive intestinal retention and bioavailability
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Xinhui Du, Na Gao, Xiaoyong Song
The intestinal permeability of nanoparticles can also be appreciated by their infiltration across the intestinal epithelium. Figure 8 reveals the fluorescence distributions associated with RLX-cNPs and RLX-bNPs in different absorptive epithelia after administration for 1 h. The basolateral side and the apical side are clearly visible from the longitudinal section after nucleus staining by DAPI. It could be observed that RLX-cNPs exhibited weaker infiltration into the intestine as indicated by the fluorescence intensity. The fluorescent staining in the ileum, the main site for absorption of substances, was also not prominent in the case of RLX-cNPs. It suggests that the epithelial penetrability or affinity of RLX-cNPs is relatively inadequate. As far as RLX-bNPs concerned, intense fluorescence staining took place through the whole intestine, especially in the ilium. RLX-bNPs were largely concentrated within the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. Some nanoparticles have successfully penetrated into the central lacteal. RLX-cNPs and RLX-bNPs exhibit different intestinal mucoadhesion and permeability. As known, good bioadhesion can increase the contact chance and prolong the retention time of the payload on the absorptive epithelia that is beneficial for subsequent penetration (Reineke et al., 2013). This is also the underlying mechanism that RLX-bNPs are provided with superb intestinal absorbability and result in enhanced bioavailability.