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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Intestinal permeability can cause systemic inflammation through translocation of LPS. Intestinal permeability is also known as “leaky gut” and is a reinforcing process that can result in intestinal inflammation, damage to the gut lining, dysregulation of the immune system response, nutrient malabsorption (especially vitamins B12, magnesium, and iron), gastrointestinal issues, multiple food intolerances, and eventually, autoimmune disease.
The Role of Gut-Derived Endotoxin in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Dysfunction
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Mitchell P. Fink, Michael G. Mythen
In clinical studies, intestinal permeability typically is measured by monitoring the renal excretion of various marker substances after introduction into the gastrointestinal tract by oral ingestion or administration through a feeding tube. In such studies, two different nonmetabolizable probes are commonly employed. One probe (e.g., mannitol) is a relatively small molecule, which permeates moderately well through even normal mucosa. The second probe (e.g., lactulose) is a larger molecule, which permeates the normal mucosa to only a minimal extent. By monitoring the differential recovery of the two probes in the urine, it is possible to assess intestinal permeability while factoring out confounding effects related to changes in intestinal motility or renal function. However, it is not known whether increased intestinal permeability to a relatively small molecule like lactulose is associated with increased permeability to larger molecules of biological interest, such as LPS (30). Thus, the pathophysiological significance of intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability remains to be elucidated.
Intestinal Absorption Of Macromolecules In The Adult *
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
The interrelationships of intestinal permeability, immune reactions, and disease have been reviewed several times.1456,1519,1520,1523,1526
Sinisan ameliorates colonic injury induced by water immersion restraint stress by enhancing intestinal barrier function and the gut microbiota structure
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xiaoying Xu, Huimei Hu, Haizhou Zeng, Boyi Li, Qiuxiong Yin, Yupeng Jiang, Linquan Zang, Changlin Zhao, Guoqiang Qian
The gut microbiome is a vital component of the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA), which can be affected by stress (Bear et al. 2021). SP and VIP are the excitatory and inhibitory neuropeptides of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with IBD have lower VIP and higher SP levels in their colonic mucosa (Patel et al. 2020). Gut bacteria live in symbiosis with intestinal cells. Intestinal symbionts support intestinal barrier function, medication metabolism, food metabolism, and avoidance of harmful microbial invasion (Jandhyala et al. 2015). Imbalances between intestinal commensal and pathogenic floras can lead to dysregulation of the gut flora (Nishida et al. 2018). Psychological stress aggravates inflammation by changing intestinal permeability to allow harmful bacterial products to pass through intestinal epithelium (Hills et al. 2019).
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture studies: a review of the field of toxicology
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Seda İpek, Aylin Üstündağ, Benay Can Eke
The gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in digestion, electrolyte and fluid transport, drug absorption and metabolism as well as nutrient absorption (Markus et al.2021). Intestinal permeability affects drug bioavailability (Marrella et al.2020). The small intestine, the longest segment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), serves as a protective barrier against pathogenic and opportunistic microbial infections (Markus et al.2021). Considering the function of the gastrointestinal tract, it is common for drugs to cause gastrointestinal toxicities (Peters et al.2019). However, the lack of in vitro intestinal tissue models that accurately reflect the architecture and physiology of the gut has hampered research on drug absorption, metabolism, and gastrointestinal toxicity. On the other hand, the physiology and the outcomes of humans cannot be predicted by animal models. Moreover, some human pathogens are species-specific, which means they cannot infect other hosts. Therefore, human intestinal tissue models resembling in vivo microenvironments and providing physiologically relevant cellular responses are needed so that pharmaceuticals and toxicants can be predictably and effectively tested (Markus et al.2021).
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 decreases subjective academic stress in healthy adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Lucas Wauters, Luka Van Oudenhove, Alison Accarie, Karlien Geboers, Hannelore Geysen, Joran Toth, Anja Luypaerts, Kristin Verbeke, Tamara Smokvina, Jeroen Raes, Jan Tack, Tim Vanuytsel
Increased intestinal permeability in healthy subjects has been studied in different non-inflammatory stress conditions, including physical exercise, intake of NSAIDs and psychological stress.19 Although the passage of orally ingested sugars is still incompletely understood, in vivo assessment of intestinal barrier function allows a noninvasive measurement. It has been proposed that the monosaccharide mannitol passes the epithelium via the pore and not the leak pathway such as the disaccharide lactulose, but this concept is controversial.19 An alternative hypothesis is that mannitol and lactulose are markers for transcellular and paracellular passage respectively, but supporting evidence is lacking.20 Previous preclinical studies with L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 showed increased expression of the tight junction protein occludin, suggesting restored paracellular permeability,16 which was later confirmed with additional effects on mucus production by goblet cells.17 Interestingly, these effects were dependent on the adhesion proteins or pili structures.17 While similar effects on the tight junction-expression were found with L. plantarum strains in the small intestine of healthy volunteers, LMR was unaffected after NSAID,21,22 pointing to potential effects of the L. rhamnosus strain in humans even in the absence of changes in LMR. Notwithstanding the limitations of sugar excretion tests, alternative measures are costly and invasive and no validated blood markers for permeability are available.23