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The Future of Parasitology
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
For instance, a recent study using a powerful combination of methods has identified a new means of immune evasion in schistosomes, one involving a specialized gland called the esophageal gland (Figure 10.14), the cells of which normally release their secretions into the esophagus of juvenile and adult schistosomes in their definitive vertebrate hosts. It was shown that worms in which esophageal gland development was prevented were able to survive in mice lacking an adaptive immune response but were killed in mice with functioning B cells and antibody production. By learning of this novel immune evasive strategy, new avenues are opened up for the development of novel vaccine targets.
Gastrointestinal Function and Toxicology in Canines
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The following lesions can be noted in the esophagus. Dilatation of the esophagus itself. Mild dilatation of the esophageal gland ducts. Hypertrophy or inflammation of the esophageal walls, arising as a result of mechanical irritation or reflux esophagitis.
Diseases and Parasites of Pufferfish and Their Management
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Diagnosis of the parasite: The new taxon is distinguishable by the presence of esophageal glands, teguments covered by ciliated papillae, and the position and shape of the hermaphroditic duct. Body of this species is slightly longer than wide, narrow at the posterior region. Tegument is with small papillae distributed irregularly throughout the entire body. Adhesive disc is occupying the entire ventral region composed of 29 rows of transverse alveoli separated by two longitudinal septa. Pharynx is oval and large, surrounded by pharyngeal glands ((Giese et al., 2015).
Schistosome proteomics: updates and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
William Castro-Borges, R Alan Wilson
Exploitation of several complementary techniques has allowed definition of the complex tegument surface, comprising a plasma membrane overlain by a secreted membranocalyx, but the molecular model of the surface architecture must remain tentative. Analysis of vomitus from worms in short-term culture has enabled the secretions of the gastrodermis to be defined, and most recently also some esophageal gland proteins. However, the epithelial surface of the gastrodermis remains unexplored due to its inaccessibility. Analysis of the secretions of migrating schistosomulum larvae during in-vitro culture has provided a glimpse of what the head gland and nascent alimentary tract may produce during intravascular transit to the portal system. The secretions used by the cercaria to access host skin are better characterized, as are those of live eggs used to exit host tissues to the exterior. However, in both cases the known proteins may represent only the major constituents.
Long-term outcomes of the randomized controlled trial comparing 5-aminolaevulinic acid and Photofrin photodynamic therapy for Barrett’s oesophagus related neoplasia
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2018
Darina Kohoutova, Rehan Haidry, Matthew Banks, Mohammed Adil Butt, Jason Dunn, Sally Thorpe, Laurence Lovat
Our data show that patients treated with ALA PDT which led to reversal of dysplasia had a significantly better long-term outcome when compared to those who failed PDT originally. This finding is not replicated in the Photofrin group. This is a crucial finding and confirms the fact, that BE is not just one disease, which responds to any ablative therapy in a uniform way. Our original study allowed up to three consecutive PDT treatments. We previously reported that if dysplasia was not cleared after the first treatment, subsequent PDT was less likely to lead to remission [8]. Prasad et al. looked at the biomarkers of patients with HGD or IMC in BE who underwent PDT with Photofrin. Loss of biomarkers related to progression of neoplasia in BE was associated with histologic downgrading of dysplasia after PDT; those patients with persistent positivity of biomarkers were at higher risk of recurrent HGD [19]. They confirmed in another study, that p16 allelic loss predicted decreased response to PDT [20]. Recently, Timmer et al. reported that genetic biomarkers can predict achievement of CR-D after endoscopic therapy and that patients with multiple genetic alterations may have a lower response rate [21]. Investigation of biomarkers could therefore help in the management of dysplastic BE. We have similarly demonstrated that relapse is related to persistence of aneuploidy after treatment within the residual Barrett’s segment [22]. We have also demonstrated that pro-tumorigenic mutations can be found in post-ablation squamous mucosa as well as in mutant deep oesophageal glands; both are associated with dysplasia recurrence [23]. These findings all suggest that the genetic milieu of the residual Barrett’s segment is more complex and other abnormalities occur prior to the onset of dysplasia, a phenomenon that has been described in detail by a number of groups [24,25].