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Ulcerative Colitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
This disorder can occur in people of any age but begins most frequently between the ages of 15 and 30 or after age 60. Ulcerative colitis is more likely to develop in individuals who have a family member with IBD or are of Jewish descent. Relatively minor local complications that occur in the majority of patients include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and perirectal abscesses. Toxic megacolon and colorectal cancer are well-known major complications of long-standing chronic ulcerative colitis. Screening for colorectal cancer via colonoscopy should be accomplished eight years after the diagnosis is established and then every one to two years thereafter.1 There is no cure for ulcerative colitis so symptom management is the primary goal of treatment.
Do I Have IBS?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the other main inflammatory bowel disease. UC, like Crohn’s disease, can also cause inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the rectum and colon, but unlike Crohn’s disease, the inflammation occurs only in the top layer of the lining of the large intestine. Ulcers can form where inflammation has killed the cells that usually line the colon. Like Crohn’s disease, this can often result in intestinal bleeding, leading to anemia and bloody stools. Like IBS and Crohn’s, the most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are abdominal pain or cramps and frequent diarrhea. Other complications include anemia, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, skin lesions, joint pain, and rectal bleeding. Like Crohn’s disease, UC is thought to result from a disorder of the immune system.
Gastrointestinal Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Justine Turner, Sally Schwartz
In general, there is limited role for diet to treat the inflammation of UC, although bowel rest will visibly reduce bloody diarrhea in hospitalized patients with severe colitis. For CD, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been studied and is endorsed as the first-line treatment for induction of remission for pediatric CD. Other diet treatments for CD are being studied with varying results.
Extracellular vesicle miRNAs promote the intestinal microenvironment by interacting with microbes in colitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Qichen Shen, Zhuizui Huang, Lingyan Ma, Jiachen Yao, Ting Luo, Yao Zhao, Yingping Xiao, Yuanxiang Jin
Colitis is a widespread and complicated disease with no cure.4 In previous studies, researchers mainly investigated the effects of exogenous EVs on colitis, such as those from stem cells,28 plants, and milk.29,30 However, it is also important to investigate the changes of EVs and their components in the colon in different experimental models during the inflammation. Robust changes take place in both intestinal phenotype and bacterial structure when the normal intestine becomes inflamed, which specifically manifests as reductions in colon length and bacterial diversity,31 abnormal expression of epithelial barrier-related genes, and increased levels of inflammatory infiltration in the colon (Figure S1 and Figure 2).32 Under these conditions, active cell-to-cell interactions at the mucosal interface make the intestinal lumen a rich source of colitis-specific EVs.33 Additionally, the expression of mRNAs associated with inflammation, such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, was increased in EVs from IBD patients.33 Although several studies have investigated the miRNA expression profiles in IBD and the roles of differentially expressed miRNAs, such as miR-21,34 and miR-155,35 the changes in EV-miRNAs in colitis and the roles of host-microbe interactions remain unclear.
Edible plant-derived nanotherapeutics and nanocarriers: recent progress and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Nanxi Chen, Jianfeng Sun, Zhenhua Zhu, Adam P. Cribbs, Bo Xiao
On the one hand, PDENs, rich in biological active ingredients, can be developed as effective antitumor nanodrugs. We attempt to illustrate this by going through two types of PDENs, namely, ginger- and ginseng-derived NPs [32,69,70,81]. The colitis has an increased risk of developing into colon cancer. Existing studies show that ginger-derived NPs have a positive impact on preventing IBD even with a great potential of colon-wise cancer treatment. The active ingredient to make this possible is cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which regulates the homeostasis of GIT. More exactly, the ginger-derived NPs can lead to an increased expression level of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Ginseng-derived NPs significantly promote the polarization of the macrophage phenotype from M2 to M1 and produce ROS to increase the apoptosis of mouse melanoma cells. The NP-induced M1 polarization is mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and myeloid differentiation antigen 88. In addition, the macrophage polarization is associated with lipids and protein composition, but it remains to be verified in terms of which specific substance plays a key role in it.
Abnormal findings on abdominopelvic cross-sectional imaging in patients with microscopic colitis: a retrospective, multicenter study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Andree H. Koop, Ahmed Salih, Mohamed Omer, Josh Kwon, Hassan M. Ghoz, Matthew McCann, June Tome, William C. Palmer, Darrell S. Pardi, Fernando F. Stancampiano
Patients with microscopic colitis may have increased risk for the development of inflammatory bowel disease [20]. Microscopic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) share similar pathogenic mechanisms, and some investigators have suggested microscopic colitis is an attenuated form of IBD which can progress to ‘classical’ IBD in some patients. A recent nationwide cohort study demonstrated a 17-fold increase in risk of IBD in patients with microscopic colitis [20]. However, other studies have demonstrated development of IBD is rare in the 3 years following diagnosis of microscopic colitis [21,22]. Overall, between 1.2–2.1% of patients with microscopic colitis are estimated to have a diagnosis of IBD. Of the 576 patients identified with microscopic colitis in this study, 43 (7.5%) were excluded for a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. The higher percentage of patients with IBD identified in this study may reflect the study population, a group of patients evaluated at tertiary medical centers for chronic diarrhea.