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Amatoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The genus Amanita comprises more than 1300 gilled mushroom species and varieties, some of which are deadly poisonous (e.g., Amanita abrupta, Amanita arocheae, Amanita bisporigera [eastern NA destroying angel], Amanita exitialis [Guangzhou destroying angel], Amanita magnivelaris, Amanita ocreata [western NA destroying angel], Amanita phalloides [Euro-Asian death cap], Amanita smithiana, Amanita subjunquillea [East Asian death cap], Amanita verna [fool's mushroom], and Amanita virosa [European destroying angel]) [3]. In particular, A. phalloides (Euro-Asian death cap) is associated with the most fatalities and often mistaken for edible paddy straw mushroom, whereas A. bisporigera (eastern NA destroying angel) may be mistaken for edible nontoxic Lepiota naucina. Morphologically, A. phalloides (Euro-Asian death cap) has a subovoid-convex eventually subplanar cap (pileus) of 5–16 cm across, which usually appears yellowish green, but sometimes appears olive to light brown (often paler toward the margins and after rain) with darker streaks radiating outward. The gills (lamellae) underneath the cap are crowded, free from the stem, white or whitish cream with slight yellow-greenish tinge in side view. The stem (stipe) is 5–15 cm long and 1–2 cm thick, white, with a membranous ring (annulus) about 1–1.5 cm below, and a base bulbous with a cup-like or saccate volva, which is often hidden by leaf litter and measures 2–3.5 cm × 1.6–5 cm (Figure 93.2a). In aged A. phalloides, the odor is distinctively repugnant (sickeningly sweet, rotten honey or carrion like).
Investigation and analysis of Galerina sulciceps poisoning in a canteen
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Hong Xiang, Yajuan Zhou, Changlin Zhou, Shiguang Lei, Hong Yu, Yafang Wang, Shu Zhu
The consumption of edible wild mushrooms has increased in recent years because of their unique organoleptic properties, including aroma and flavor [14–16]. However, wild edible mushrooms are frequently confused with poisonous species, due to misidentification. In 2012, the American Association of Poison Control Centers in the USA registered 6600 cases of mushroom poisoning [17]. In Thailand, between 2008 and 2014, the National Institute of Health registered 57 deaths due to mushroom poisoning [18]. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published a national food poisoning report, which recorded 1954 cases of wild mushroom poisoning between 1994 and 2012 [19,20]. According to the Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Surveillance and Reporting System, 90 mushroom poisoning events were reported with 425 poisoning cases and 45 deaths in Guizhou Province between 2011 and 2013 [21]. In the reported cases of mushroom poisoning, generally eight species are responsible: Amanita verna, A. subjunquillea var. alba, A. pallidorosea, A. subpallidorosea, A. fuligineoides, Galerina autumnalis, Russula subnigricans, and Omphalotus japonicus. This was the first report of a G. sulciceps poisoning outbreak in Guizhou.