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Human Influenza Virus Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Judith M. Fontana, Daniel P. Eiras, Mirella Salvatore
LAIV is extremely effective in vaccine-naive children, in whom vaccine efficacy ranges from 73% to 96% after the first immunization, and from 82% to 100% after revaccination.273 Vaccine efficacy may decrease in people who have been repeatedly infected with influenza during their lifetime because they may have some preexisting immunity toward the vaccine. LAIV is less effective in eliciting serum anti-HA antibody responses, but does induce the production of mucosal antibodies, which could contribute to both long-term maintenance of immunity and cross-protection among different strains of influenza virus.274 Randomized studies that directly compared the efficacy of TIV and LAIV showed that LAIV consistently confers approximately 50% greater protection than TIV in young children 12–59 months in age.275,276 In studies performed in adults, TIV efficacy was either comparable or slightly superior to LAIV.265
Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT): A review of the evidence and expert opinion
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Silvia Ricci, Chiara Azzari, Emanuele Amodio, Paolo Castiglia
The Phase 3 MET57 study (NCT03205371) examined the immunogenicity of MenACYW-TT when co-administered with other pediatric vaccines (measles, mumps, and rubella [MMR]; varicella; 6-in-1 combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b [DTaP-IPV-HepB-Hib]; and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) in 1,183 meningococcal vaccine-naïve toddlers aged 12–23 months [19]. At day 30, the proportion of toddlers with seroprotection to each meningococcal serogroup was similar between MenACYW-TT alone and MenACYW-TT co-administered with each of the vaccines reported above. The response rates for the co-administered vaccine antigens at Day 30 were high and comparable between the vaccine groups. This indicates that co-administration of MenACYW-TT was safe and immunogenic when administered with other routine pediatric vaccines, thereby facilitating its incorporation into national immunization programs.
Adverse events following influenza immunization: understanding the role of age and sex interactions
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Erika Bohn-Goldbaum, Troy Cross, Alan Leeb, Ian Peters, Robert Booy, Kate M Edwards
Although this study was able to use a large database of 1 year’s reporting of influenza AEFIs in a national system, the analyzed data comprised an older population with a higher proportion of females than the full dataset, thus limiting the generalizability of this study. The health status of the sample is unknown and may comprise a more-at-risk proportion of the population; however, we note that the national recommendation is for all persons to receive an annual influenza vaccination [21]. A further consideration is that the rates of AEFI reported herein are somewhat lower than those reported on vaccine brand information sheets. This observation is consistent with other studies illustrating that AEFI rates are typically higher in clinical trials [47] compared with passive surveillance [18]. It is also possible that there is a Type 1 error in the differences by brand and it is possible our data contain a very small number of repeated observations, specifically vaccine-naïve children under 9-years-old who may have received two doses at least 4 weeks apart. Preliminary analyses limiting under 9-year-olds to those vaccinated in a single month (N = 21,890) revealed no systematic differences in the model findings when the logistic GAM was fit to the total cohort of observations (N = 267,850). The analysis on time of vaccination was limited to ~50% of the data, but the model results were similar to the main model on the full data set.
Protecting the most vulnerable age group: a review of MenACWY-TT immunogenicity and safety in infants
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Federico Martinón-Torres, Lidia Serra, Marco Aurelio P. Safadi
As elevated risk of IMD persists beyond infancy into early childhood [7,8], it is important that protection afforded by meningococcal vaccines extends for several years. The second study, a follow-up of Study 1, was conducted from October 2008 through March 2014 and assessed the potential of MenACWY-TT to address this need by evaluating the persistence of functional antibodies at 1, 3, and 5 years after primary MenACWY-TT vaccination (designated here as Study 2) [30]. Additionally, immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose given 5 years after primary vaccination were evaluated and compared with that of a single primary dose given to age-matched, meningococcal vaccine–naive children. Only participants who completed Study 1 were eligible for the persistence and booster evaluations. The study’s primary objective was to evaluate long-term persistence of immune responses to one and two primary MenACWY-TT doses as measured by percentages of subjects with hSBA titers ≥1:8. Secondary objectives included additional immunologic evaluations during the persistence stage, as well as immunogenicity and safety of the booster dose administered 5 years postvaccination or a primary dose administered to age-matched controls. Comparisons of immune responses between groups were exploratory and were defined similarly to Study 1. Safety evaluations included vaccine-related SAEs in the persistence phase and solicited and unsolicited AEs, SAEs, and new onset of chronic illness following booster dose administration.