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Acute Infective Endocarditis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
The significance of a positive blood culture correlates with the following: The organism retrieved-CoNS is significant in the setting of a prosthetic valve but really so in individuals with native valves.Multiple blood cultures that are positive for the same organism. In native valve endocarditis, there is no advantage in drawing more than three sets of blood cultures. Possible exceptions are in those patients who have received antibiotics. In general, the shorter the incubation time, the more severe the clinical illness.
Unexplained Fever In Patients Returning From The Tropics Including U.F. Associated With Hypereosinophilia
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
The incubation time, i.e., the delay between the anophele bites and the appearance of the fever (which corresponds to the multiplication of the sporozoites in the hepatocytes) is 7 to 14 days for P. falciparum, 14 to 20 days for P. vivax and P. ovale, and 28 days for P. malariae. In addition, some parasite strains of P. vivax and P. ovale may have a longer incubation time, up to 6 months. P. malariae may give a very low parasitemia, which may be asymptomatic, for up to 25 years; an intercurrent disease of any type may disrupt this host-parasite equilibrium and lead to a clinical attack.
Human Noroviruses
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
G. Sanchez, W. Randazzo, D.H. D'Souza
Moreover, their low infectious dose, ranging from 18 to 2800 genomic equivalents as assessed in clinical trials with healthy adults,2,3 together with their stability in the environment, make HNoVs extremely infectious and highly transmissible. As a manner of fact, it has been predicted that a person will experience an average of three to eight HNoV illness episodes in their lifetime, of which at least one will occur by 5 years of age.14 Common symptoms associated to HNoV infections are diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and stomach pain, together with fever, headache, and body aches as reported in several outbreaks over the years. The incubation time until the development of symptoms could vary from 12 to 48 hours after the exposure, and the illness usually lasts 1–3 days.2 HNoVs incidence does not vary much among low-, middle- and high-income settings, resulting in the leading cause of diarrheal diseases even in industrialized countries with about 18 illnesses per 100 persons.15
On evolution model for SARS-Cov-2-infected population: the case of New Zealand
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Estate Khmaladze, Giorgi Kvizhinadze
Distribution of incubation time . We introduced these as times from the moment of infection to the moment of becoming symptomatic, i.e. ill. These are important moments in the management of epidemic because from this moment on, up to recovery, the person had to be isolated. In practice, however, infection was detected often through contact tracing and testing process, without being necessarily symptomatic. All such persons also had to be isolated from population. Therefore, the estimated distribution of Gis not the distribution of incubation time, but the distribution of the detection time. It would be very interesting from medical point of view to evaluate the distribution of the incubation times, but the distribution of detection times is also very interesting object: it gives numerical description of effectiveness of the contact tracing policy. It shows that the policy was effective. The authorities would not spare resources in testing, large number of people have been tested and, relative to this number, not so many detected. Thus one can expect that this G will be close to exponential distribution, and Figure 2 shows its graph. The distribution of incubation times could not have been exponential – the process of incubation should have taken its course and symptoms could not have been appearing spontaneously.
In quest of a new therapeutic approach in COVID-19: the endocannabinoid system
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Ondine Lucaciu, Ovidiu Aghiorghiesei, Nausica Bianca Petrescu, Ioana Codruta Mirica, Horea Rareș Ciprian Benea, Dragoș Apostu
The demonstrated transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2 is via respiratory droplets, the fecal-oral transmission pathway is not yet demonstrated. After infection, there is an incubation time of 4-5 days before the first signs and symptoms are present (Li et al. 2020). Five to 6 days after symptoms onset, SARS-CoV-2 viral load reaches the peak, earlier than SARS-CoV, where the viral peak is about 10 days after symptoms onset (Peiris et al. 2003; Zou et al. 2020). Eight to nine days after symptoms onset, severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 progress to acute respiratory distress (ARDS) (Wang et al. 2020). Some of these ARDS cases may complicate to secondary bacterial or fungal infections (Chen et al. 2020), or respiratory failure, recognized as the cause of death of 70% of COVID-19 cases (Zhang et al. 2020).
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Mohsin Amin, Shiying Tang, Liliana Shalamanova, Rebecca L. Taylor, Stephen Wylie, Badr M. Abdullah, Kathryn A. Whitehead
The use of biomarkers where typical diagnosis methods are insufficient, expensive and/or time-consuming, may result in the most successful application for the use of biomarkers (Lubell and Althaus 2017). Since biomarkers are able to provide a clinician with valuable diagnostic and prognostic information regarding the current health status of an individual, their applicability in various bacterially driven diseases is of major importance (Tang et al.2017, Gomez et al.2019). For example, tuberculosis (TB), is a communicable infectious disease that is known for having a long incubation time (2–8 weeks), resulting in a severely delayed confirmation diagnosis. This is due to the detection methods relying on the bacteria being cultured to provide a positive confirmation. However, new biomarkers in the form of lipoarabinomannan, a virulence factor and glycolipid of the cell wall of the causative agent of TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) has shown good specificity to determine the presence of TB in the blood sputum and urine, without the use of traditional bacterial cultures (Wallis et al.2010, Goletti et al.2016, Correia-Neves et al.2019). This example demonstrates the effectiveness of the potential of new biomarkers as rapid detection alternatives. The use of such systems has the possibility to reduce diagnosis times whilst maintaining comparable levels of diagnostic accuracy to that of traditional techniques.