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Digital transformation in healthcare
Published in Edward M. Rafalski, Ross M. Mullner, Healthcare Analytics, 2022
Public health has been a part of national planning in interoperability and electronic record use as a part of the meaningful use program. In theory, the standard data formats and exchange methods provided by meaningful use should enable rapid healthcare data exchange in the setting of disruptive healthcare events like a pandemic. In reality, access to data has remained challenging, and even if available, often lacks conformity to regulated standards. The current COVID-19 pandemic has also revealed gaps in data liquidity and the resultant difficulty in gathering information quickly. Since the declaration of a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 [5], health departments, researchers, and clinicians have sought the best evidence to plan regional responses and provide the best clinical care. Disease surveillance is a critical function of public health and provides essential information about disease burden, clinical and epidemiologic parameters of disease, and is an important precursor to effective and timely case and contact tracing. In addition to individual and aggregate level patient data, this pandemic has required careful monitoring of healthcare capacity and utilization to ensure clinical care needs could be met. Though meaningful use has resulted in significant progress in data sharing for public health, significant gaps continue to exist, which may be solved through the FHIR API standards.
Infectious Disease Data from Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiological Studies
Published in Leonhard Held, Niel Hens, Philip O’Neill, Jacco Wallinga, Handbook of Infectious Disease Data Analysis, 2019
The data sources used in surveillance of a particular disease are determined by the aim of the surveillance, which data sources are (routinely) available, the required quality of the data, the resources required to implement the system, and the feasibility of running the surveillance system. For the system to be sustainable, the requirements for those contributing the data and maintaining the system need to be as simple as possible. This usually compromises the quality of the data, leading to suboptimal timeliness, completeness, or accuracy. To compensate for this, it is useful to include several data sources in a surveillance system, so that by triangulation the number and validity of conclusions that can be drawn from the surveillance can be enhanced (see Box 3.2 and Figure 3.1). Below, main data sources used in infectious disease surveillance are discussed.
Surveillance for Pesticide-Related Disease
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Public health surveillance is not new. Some idea of a defined population at risk, and the incidence of disease in that population, dates back to the earliest efforts to control the spread of communicable diseases. Similar tools have been applied to understanding the scope of non-infectious diseases, such as pesticide intoxication. Vital records provide the most basic model for population-based disease surveillance. Similarly, hospital-based or workplace-centered disease monitoring can provide useful information. However, population-based pesticide-related disease surveillance used in conjunction with geographic, occupational, or environmental information on defined cohorts of interest provide a less biased view of the underlying disease experience. Disease surveillance systems are somewhat limited by the breadth and depth of information on diagnostic detail and relevant risk factors. By virtue of their standards for completeness and consistency, however, they offer a valuable means for assessing important population variations in disease that can be used as the basis for designing more in-depth epidemiologic studies of disease etiology or intervention efforts for disease control.
Assessing vaccine effectiveness for varicella in Wuxi, China: a time-series analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Lingling Wang, Xu Yang, Xuwen Wang, Ping Shi, Xuhui Zhang
There are limitations in this study. First, due to the prospective time-series data, our study was limited by a lack of detailed records on potential confounders, although the model is effective and reliable which corresponds to previous approaches[13,15]. Therefore, enough data should be collected and analyzed with the development of disease surveillance. Second, we could not illustrate the associations between one-dose and two-dose clearly, thus, potential exposure misclassification may have occurred. Third, Possible surveillance bias might have impacts on the study results, because varicella was defined through clinical diagnoses or laboratory confirmation. However, physicians in one city usually have integrative stability level of diagnosis technology, and the occurrence of varicella cases in our study varied slightly over the long term. Finally, breakthrough varicella cases with milder symptoms may be less likely to seek medical consultation or require hospital admission. In addition, vaccination coverage presented in the immunization registry may be overestimated, since unvaccinated children may be underrepresented [23]. We obtained only reported five-year data, which was not sufficient to develop an understanding of long-term effects. Therefore, more data should be collected and analyzed in the future.
Position Statement: Mass Gathering Medical Care
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2021
Asa M. Margolis, Alison K. Leung, Matt S. Friedman, Sean P. McMullen, Francis X. Guyette, Nathan Woltman
Integration of the public health system is necessary and:Disease surveillance is critical, especially at larger scale events, to detect not only outbreaks of infectious pathogens but also the deliberate use of chemical, biological, or radioactive materials.Should incorporate a plan that addresses risk mitigation in inclement weather, potable water sources, food safety, sanitation, and shelter from the environment.The event medical director should consider reviewing public health threats and associated mitigation strategies with jurisdictional public health and emergency preparedness authorities.Should include pre-event designated audio and visual messaging per the public address system to assist with spectator guidance.Knowledge of historical and current disease prevalence trends is important to inform the development of countermeasures and/or warnings to attendees.
Epidemiology of major chronic inflammatory immune-related skin diseases in 2019
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
In the lack of a profound change in the way epidemiologic research is organized, we do not expect that our knowledge on the epidemiology of ISDs, especially their risk factors and prevention, will develop significantly during the next years. Several nations have developed sophisticated disease surveillance systems that use administrative health care databases or electronic medical records to assess disease burden, including incidence and prevalence, along with healthcare utilization such as hospitalization rates, medical management, surgery, and costs. Most of these systems are population-based with broad geographic coverage; they capture information on care ranging from urban to rural areas, as well as between community and academic practices. These systems will be critical in tracking disease outcomes over time, particularly as new interventions innovate the care of ISDs. The next step will be to favor the adoption of these systems in most developed and developing countries, overcoming problems connected for example with privacy issues and personal data protection by using, for example, advanced anonymized data procedures.