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Published in Filomena Pereira-Maxwell, Medical Statistics, 2018
Synonymous with absolute risk difference (ARD) or, more specifically, with absolute risk increase (ARI). This term is often used in the context of epidemiological studies, and sometimes, although incorrectly, as a synonym for attributable fraction. In contrast with clinical trials and intervention studies where treatments and preventive exposures are expected to decrease the risk of adverse outcomes (albeit with the possible occurrence of adverse reactions), observational epidemiological studies often focus on harmful or detrimental exposures that increase the risk of disease. The attributable risk is thus the risk difference, risk1 minus risk0 (risk in exposed minus risk in unexposed), and measures the excess risk in the exposed that is attributable to the exposure. Exposure effect is thus expressed in net or absolute terms. Additional measures of impact are the attributable fraction (exposed), the population attributable risk (which measures the excess risk in the study population - or in a broader population - that is attributable to the exposure), and the population attributable fraction. Attributable fractions measure impact in relative or proportional terms.
Epidemiology and its uses
Published in Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter, Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter
A further elaboration on the principle of absolute risk is to calculate it scaled up to population level. The population attributable fraction (also called population attributable risk) is a measure of the extent to which the disease that occurs in the whole population is due, or attributable, to the risk factor. The population attributable fraction is valuable in assessing the public health impact of a risk factor, and hence the benefits that could be obtained by preventive action.
Heart failure in immigrant groups: a cohort study of adults aged 45 years and over in Sweden
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2018
Per Wändell, Axel C. Carlsson, Xinjun Li, Danijela Gasevic, Johan Ärnlöv, Martin J. Holzmann, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist
We also estimated the adjusted population attributable fraction (PAF), or population attributable risk (PAR) in percent for risk factors, as prevalence (%) among cases multiplied by HR-1/HR [18], using adjusted HRs for the different factors. PAF is useful in order to compare the effect of different risk factors on the incidence of the outcome, in this case of CHF.