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Probability
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
The concept of relative risk can be useful when we want to compare the probabilities of some outcome event in two different groups. We often think of these two groups as being exposed and unexposed; one group has been subjected to an exposure or risk factor, and the other group has not. The relative risk, abbreviated RR and also known as the risk ratio, is the chance that a member of the exposed group will develop the outcome relative to the chance that a member of the unexposed group will develop the same outcome. The relative risk is defined as the probability of the outcome in the exposed group divided by the probability of the outcome in the unexposed group, or
Introduction to the management station
Published in Sukhpreet Singh Dubb, Core Surgical Training Interviews, 2020
A relative risk of 1 indicates that there is no association between exposure and disease state, a value that exceeds 1 supports an association whilst a value less than 1 suggests the exposure is protective against the disease state.
Survey Research Methods in Functional GI Disorders
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
In prospective surveys, a measure of the relative risk of contracting the medical condition or disease under study is of primary interest. Relative risk is the increased risk of incurring the condition or disease in those who possess certain characteristics or who are exposed to certain factors compared to those who are not. The characteristics are determined to be risk factors for developing the condition or disease. Relative risk can be determined only from prospective studies because the risk is determined from the incidence rates of contracting the medical condition or disease. In retrospective surveys, relative risk is approximated with the odds ratio: the proportionate difference of the prevalence rates of the group of individuals possessing or exposed to the suspected risk factors and the rates of those who are not. In the functional GI disorders, odds ratios have been used to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and health-care-seeking behavior of individuals with IBS (2,11) and psychosocial factors in NUD (29).
Disparities in Resource Availability, Psychological Intimate Partner Violence, and Depression Among Hispanic Women
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Maria Jose Baeza, Rosina Cianelli, Giovanna De Oliveira, Natalia Villegas, Joseph P. De Santis, Evelyn Iriarte, Nilda Peragallo Montano
This study is grounded in the Vulnerable Population Conceptual Model (VPCM), which integrates availability of resources, relative risk, and influence of health status on the disease process (Flaskerud & Winslow, 1998). Resource availability refers to socioeconomic and environmental resources available to the population. These resources are divided into four main categories: a) Human capital, including income, education, employment, and housing; b) Social connectedness, including integration of community members, marginalization, stigmatization, and discrimination; c) Social status, including decision-making power and the ability to use power to gain health, avoid risk factors, and minimize the consequences of diseases; and 4) Environmental resources, including availability and accessibility of adequate healthcare. Relative risk refers to exposure to risk factors. Finally, health status refers to age- and gender-specific morbidity and mortality (Flaskerud & Winslow, 1998).
Homogeneity test of relative risk ratios for stratified bilateral data under different algorithms
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
Ke-Yi Mou, Chang-Xing Ma, Zhi-Ming Li
In medical clinical studies, observations from patients' paired parts (e.g. eyes, ears, and arms) are usually collected as paired data. The paired outcomes for each patient will be no, unilateral or bilateral response(s). Data from all patients can be summarized in a contingency table. The correlation between responses from paired parts should be taken into account to avoid biased or misleading results. In clinical practice, research subjects often can be distinguished by some control variables (e.g. age, gender), which contribute to stratified data. Although the questions involving treatment-by-stratum interaction are often secondary in most multi-center trials, they are still important as preparatory work for the overall and subgroup analyses. For a stratified bilateral design with two groups, the interaction can be tested by comparing different ratios across strata. If the ratios are not significantly different, the effect of stratum is negligible. Relative risk ratio, odds ratio and risk difference are often used to quantify the strength of the association. Generally, relative risk ratio is more visual than odds ratio. Walter [22] pointed out the population risks of some diseases were rather small such that risk differences between groups were less dramatic. Thus, risk relative ratio can be effectively used to study the homogeneity test in stratified bilateral data.
High tidal volume ventilation is associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute cervical spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2021
Gabrielle E. Hatton, Patrick J. Mollett, Reginald E. Du, Shuyan Wei, Radha Korupolu, Charles E. Wade, Sasha D. Adams, Lillian S. Kao
Bayesian analyses were utilized to complement the traditional frequentist analyses in order to maximize the knowledge gained from this study. Bayesian inference applies a prior, or an estimated effect distribution based on previous studies, and likelihood, which summarizes findings from the present study. The prior and likelihood are combined to generate a posterior, or estimated true treatment effect with a credible interval that expresses the magnitude and precision of the treatment effect. The posterior distribution may be utilized to determine the posterior probability of a specific effect, such as harm or benefit of the treatment evaluated.17 Although the point of clinical importance of a treatment may be changed under Bayesian methods, treatment benefit in this study was defined as a posterior relative risk of VAP <1. Relative risks, generated by either Bayesian or frequentist models, are the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring in the exposed group to the probability of an outcome occurring in the non-exposed group. A relative risk less than one indicates that patients in the exposed group are at a decreased risk of the outcome of interest, while a relative risk greater than one indicates that patients in the exposed group are at an increased risk of the outcome of interest.