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Musculoskeletal health in the community
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Musculoskeletal complaints are often experienced by the elderly, and they place negative impacts on the quality of life with ageing. Degraded articular cartilage, loss of bone and degenerated, narrowed intervertebral discs are usually observed in an ageing skeleton, and all these conditions together contribute to pain and the loss of mobility (Roberts et al., 2016). The most common musculoskeletal disorders found in older adults are osteoporosis, sarcopenia, tendinopathies and arthritis (Minetto et al., 2020). These conditions interfere with general wellbeing, add risk of developing chronic diseases, as well as increase all-cause mortality. They also represent a threat to healthy ageing and are expected to become more significant in the coming decades, leading to a growing public health and socio-economic burden to the community.
Survival Modeling I: Models for Exchangeable Observations
Published in Gary L. Rosner, Purushottam W. Laud, Wesley O. Johnson, Bayesian Thinking in Biostatistics, 2021
Gary L. Rosner, Purushottam W. Laud, Wesley O. Johnson
Functions of interest in competing risks are: (i) the overall or all-cause mortality represented by the function , that is, the probability of death by time tregardless of cause; and (ii) the probability of death by time tdue to each particular causej, called the cumulative incidence function (CIF) for cause j and represented by . The former is straightforward with all-cause hazard , and follows equation (11.5), so that . The CIF, however, does not follow from the cause-specific hazard for cause j alone. In fact, it is given by
Partitioned aerobic exercise training of ventilatory-limited patients with chronic respiratory disease
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Thomas E. Dolmage, Roger S. Goldstein
Maximal aerobic power () is the gold standard measure of cardiovascular-pulmonary health and fitness. It encapsulates the integrative capacity of the lungs, heart and circulatory systems to deliver oxygen to the tissues as well as the capacity of the tissue, ultimately its mitochondrial capacity, to use the oxygen delivered. Understandably, is a meaningful determinant of exercise performance as well as morbidity and mortality. It is associated with mortality both in health and chronic diseases including COPD. The relationship between health and has been summarized as a production function of all-cause mortality. A production function is an economic term that relates input to output. Everett et al. (18) estimated that the probability of death (output) declines with increase cardiorespiratory fitness (input) measured as , and exercise programmes that increased fitness could reduce the probability of all-cause mortality during 10 years by approximately 20%. also provides physiological verification of the quality and effectiveness of the aerobic training.
Effects of aerobic exercise on asthma control and quality of life in adults: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Joshua Ang, Ray Moussa, Safiya Shaikh, Sandra Mele
Physical activity is integral to maintaining health and is widely recommended to patients as a means of improving long-term outcomes of several chronic medical conditions. The American College of Sports Medicine has found that 150–300 min a week of moderate-intensity physical activity consistently reduces the risk of several chronic diseases and other adverse health outcomes (2). This includes all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and many more. However, several patients with asthma are hesitant to pursue regular physical activity despite its established benefits. The perception that exercise will trigger symptoms is a real concern among people with asthma (3). This hesitancy may be harmful to their long-term health and could be a source of the decline in concomitant chronic medical conditions.
Alcohol and educational inequalities: Hazardous drinking prevalence and all-cause mortality by hazardous drinking group in people aged 50 and older in Europe
Published in Substance Abuse, 2022
Sergi Trias-Llimós, Marina Bosque-Prous, Nuria Obradors-Rial, Ester Teixidó-Compañó, Maria José Belza, Fanny Janssen, Albert Espelt
Our results have strong implications for public health policy makers as the hazardous drinking prevalence at ages 50 years old and over in Europe is notably high and SEP inequalities in alcohol consumption exist among women. Reducing the high alcohol consumption levels among men, and both overall alcohol consumption levels and SEP inequalities in alcohol consumption among women, should be prioritized for preventive public health policymakers in most European countries. Future research should assess whether our results persist over time and explore the mechanisms that underlie potentially decreasing trends in both alcohol consumption levels and SEP inequalities. Additional research on the impact of alcohol consumption on inequalities in all-cause mortality should be also further explored with larger cohort studies, as most of the previous research on the topic mostly focus exclusively on causes wholly-attributable to alcohol14 and not in other causes alcohol is indirectly associated with.
Trends in Psychiatric Hospitalizations of Patients With Dual Diagnosis in Spain
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2022
Carlos Gómez-Sánchez-Lafuente, Jose Guzman-Parra, Juan Suarez-Perez, Antonio Bordallo-Aragon, Fernando Rodriguez-de-Fonseca, Fermín Mayoral-Cleries
Dual disorders are defined as the coexistence of a mental health disorder with a substance use disorder. This comorbidity has an estimated prevalence of 20% to 50%, depending on the mental health disorder and the substance used. Dual diagnosis has been associated with a higher frequency of relapses in mental illness, more hospital admissions, more disruptive and aggressive behaviors, more suicide attempts, and lower adherence to treatment compared to a single disorder (Błachut et al., 2019; Drake & Brunette, 1998; Jørgensen et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2016; Soyka, 2000; Zammit et al., 2008). Substance use, especially alcohol and illegal drugs, has been related to an increase in all-cause mortality (Hjorthøj et al., 2015). In addition, psychological, psychosocial, and pharmacologic interventions are less effective in patients with dual diagnosis (Large et al., 2014; Wobrock et al., 2013). Thus, the coexistence of both pathologies is frequently related to a worse prognosis and the need for specialized treatment (Buckley & Brown, 2006).