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Hyperthyroidism
Published in Pallavi Iyer, Herbert Chen, Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders in Children, 2020
In hyperthyroidism thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and/or triiodothyronine (T3) levels are elevated, and thyrotropin (TSH) levels are suppressed. Several conditions are seen in which thyroid hormone levels are abnormal, yet the individual is euthyroid. Because of their confusing nature, these conditions may result in the patients being erroneously diagnosed or treated for hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. When FT4 values are normal, yet total T4 values are high, familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) needs to be considered. Although FDH can be confused with hyperthyroidism, a distinguishing feature from GD is that TSH levels are not suppressed.
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
Biochemical evaluation should include serum thyrotropin (TSH) as an initial evaluation to determine thyroid status. Routine measurement of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is not recommended in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules.
Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide and its Derivatives
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
Sun et al.140 reported that the hypothalamic immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) content in rats increased significantly after i.v. injection of DSIP (250 μg/ kg), whereas the plasma TRH concentration tended to decrease. Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) levels decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner after i.v. injection of DSIP at a dosage range from 75 to 400 μg/kg. Plasma TRH and TSH responses to cold as well as plasma TSH response to TRH were inhibited by DSIP administration (250 μg/kg). It is suggested that DSIP acts on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary to inhibit TRH and TSH release.
The Role of TPOAb in Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: A Systematic Review
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Georgios Kyriakos, Alexandros Patsouras, Errika Voutyritsa, Christos Gravvanis, Eirini Papadimitriou, Paraskevi Farmaki, Lourdes Victoria Quiles-Sánchez, Vasiliki E. Georgakopoulou, Christos Damaskos, Antonio Ríos-Vergara, Luis Marín-Martínez, Evangelos Diamantis
Considering the association between TAO and thyroid dysfunction, the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis and clinical status of TAO patients. The most commonly reported thyroidal antibodies are antithyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), antithyroglobulin (TgAb), and anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb).8 Specifically, TRAb levels showed the greatest association with TAO.9 The thyrotropin receptor is expressed not only in the thyroid follicular cells but also in the orbital fibroblasts.10 The autoimmunity directed against the receptor on orbital tissues induces infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyaluronic acid accumulation, and the orbital adipose tissue expansion, which eventually leads to the remodeling of orbital connective tissues and fibrosis in its final stage.11 However, there are still some limitations regarding its clinical use, as these antibodies are not present in all cases.12
The role of paraoxonase and myeloperoxidase as oxidative stress markers in pregnant women with hypothyroidism
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Suat Cakina, Eren Pek, Onur Ozkavak, Deniz Kocyigit, Fatma Beyazıt
The Ethics Committee approved this study of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine (2011-KAEK-27/2019-E.1900021284). The study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Çanakkale 18 Mart University (ÇOMÜ) Hospital, between February 2019 and February 2021. Patients older than 18 years of age and diagnosed with hypothyroidism at 6–12 weeks of gestation were evaluated for eligibility for the study by applying to ÇOMÜ Gynecology and Obstetrics Polyclinic. Their age and gestational age were equivalent to the control group. All investigators confirm ethical standards as described in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study consist of two groups: (i) 45 women diagnosed pregnant with hypothyroidism and (ii) 45 healthy pregnant women (control group). Hypothyroidism has been diagnosed based on serum levels of thyrotropin and free thyroxine.
Low awareness and under-diagnosis of hypothyroidism
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Ulrike Gottwald-Hostalek, Barbara Schulte
Undertreatment of hypothyroidism, identified by persistent elevations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) beyond its reference range, has been associated with adverse long-term outcomes, including increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, in large observational studies6–10. We should remember that thyroid biomarkers are variable within and between subjects11,12 and that observational studies are by their nature prone to confounding. Nevertheless, given the large numbers of people with hypothyroidism worldwide, even modest underdiagnosis (and thus undertreatment) would leave a substantial number of individuals at risk of such adverse long-term outcomes9. In this review, we have explored the magnitude of the problem of unawareness and underdiagnosis of hypothyroid disease.