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Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition in Critical Illness
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Finally, there is the issue of the calories required by the gut to digest enteral nutrition. This is referred to as the thermic effect of food (TEF; also called diet-induced thermogenesis, DIT or specific dynamic action, SDA). In regular eating, this amounts to approximately 15% of the total daily energy expenditure or roughly 300 kcal in an average patient. The amount of energy expended in digesting enteral feedings depends on the complexity of the formula. For example, an elemental feeding would be expected to have a lower thermic effect of food (TEF) than polymeric.
Nutrition
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
After a meal, the BMR rises for 4–6 hours by about 10%–15%, an effect known as the specific dynamic action (SDA) of food. Most of this SDA is due to oxidative deamination of food in the liver. Diet-induced thermogenesis is energy expended during the digestion and assimilation of food and is greater for protein (30%) compared with carbohydrate (4%–5%) or fat (1%–2%). Starvation decreases BMR because of decreased cell mass and reduced tissue metabolism.
The Case against Rapid Weight Loss
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
While Energy Intake is simply what you eat, Energy Expenditure follows a Four Component Model: (1) Resting Metabolic Rate, (2) Exercise Expenditures, (3) the Thermic Effect of Feeding, (3) Non-Exercising Activity (NEAT; negligible). Calories to Ingest = Resting metabolic rate (Harris–Benedict Formula) + Specific Dynamic Action (10%–15% of energy intake) + Exercise Induced Energy Expenditure.
Sleeve gastrectomy in patients with severe obesity restores circadian rhythms and their relationship with sleep pattern
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Cristina Barnadas Solé, María Fernanda Zerón Rugerio, Javier Foncillas Corvinos, Antoni Díez-Noguera, Trinitat Cambras, Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
Some circadian patterns in humans are characterized by a bimodal pattern, for example in diurnally active persons, with a sleep tendency predominantly at night, but also with a second peak post-noon (Sarabia et al. 2008). This is manifested in WT as a post-noon peak and in activity with a post-noon decrease, and can be quantified by the analysis of the expression of a 12 h rhythm added to the circadian one. Here, we found that this component manifested itself more strongly after weight loss. This is in agreement with another study (Corbalán-Tutau et al. 2011) in which marked differences were found between obese and normal-weight women in the postprandial peak (P2). The decrease of P2 could be considered a marker of chronodisruption. Although only 25 participants reported napping habits, it is interesting that they showed shorter nap duration during the week and less nap frequency during the weekend. Therefore, taking into account that naps would increase P2, but our participants decrease the number of naps after surgery, we can suggest that the increase observed in P2 could be due to a rearrangement of the circadian pattern and thus to an improvement in the functioning of the circadian system. P2 increases may also be related to differences in the type or quantity of food intake and specific dynamic action of the food items (Sarabia et al. 2008), and it has also been linked to a lower thermogenic effect of food (Welle 1995).
The Thermic Effect of Food: A Review
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Manuel Calcagno, Hana Kahleova, Jihad Alwarith, Nora N. Burgess, Rosendo A. Flores, Melissa L. Busta, Neal D. Barnard
Total energy expenditure has several components. Basal metabolism is energy expended at rest and accounts for approximately 60% of total daily energy expenditure. The thermic effect of food (TEF), also called specific dynamic action or dietary induced thermogenesis, is the increase in metabolism after a meal and accounts for approximately 10% of total energy expenditure. It represents the energy expenditure of processing and storing food, as well as the metabolic effects of the influx of nutrients. Intentional (e.g., sports-related) exercise accounts for between 0% and 10% of total energy expenditure (3). Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (e.g., daily living activities, fidgeting, maintenance of posture) accounts for the remaining roughly 20% of total energy expenditure (4).
Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish
Published in Temperature, 2020
Helene Volkoff, Ivar Rønnestad
The close relationships between water temperature and the rates of physiological processes also affect the food intake required to meet the demands for chemical energy and substrates necessary for survival. Ingested food, following processing by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), provides the chemical energy used for basal maintenance and the excess is allocated to activity/locomotion, somatic growth or reproduction and storage/reserves [32]. Some of the ingested energy is also lost during processing of nutrients via specific dynamic action (SDA), the increase in metabolic rate in response to feeding resulting from ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of a meal (Figure 3(a)). Temperature, through its effects on metabolism, affects this energy budget by influencing nutrient digestion and assimilation and the investment of surplus energy into reproduction and growth, and the intake of energy via feeding [9]. However, although this relationship has often been described using an energetics approach, the mechanisms underlying some of the observed changes are poorly understood. It has been speculated that food intake ultimately is a function of energy requirements, including the energy required to grow. However, this assumption lacks empirical support not only in fish but also in mammals, and, to date, there is no convincing demonstration that energy expenditure influences within-day appetite control [33]. Several models for physiological control of appetite mainly developed for mammals do not involve energy expenditure, but rather describe food intake as a function of signals arising from adipose tissue and the GIT [34,35]. The experimental evidence for making such thorough assessment does not exist in fish, due to the current lack of available methods for assessing the parameters required. However, several of the key factors involved in signaling pathways in the regulation, particularly at the gene expression levels have been explored in several studies over the last few years (see sections below).