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Emotional Health and Stress Management
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Neil Nedly, Francisco E Ramirez
Many do not realize the connection existing between diet and mental health. Nutrition is one of several factors interacting together in the pathogenesis of at least some mental illness. For example, many people going through high levels of stress or depression demonstrate a loss of appetite,118 while others respond with midnight polyphagia.119 Tryptophan, a dietary amino acid, is the dietary precursor of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in stress and depression. As the body has no significant amino acid stores, tryptophan-rich foods eaten regularly are necessary for optimal function. Large neutral amino acids (LNAA), of which tryptophan is only one, compete to enter the brain at the blood-brain barrier through an insulin dependent carrier.120 An application of this process, illustrating the importance of insulin in the moving tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier, is demonstrated in a trial that subjected individuals to uncontrolled stress in the presence of differing dietary macronutrient intakes. Those with a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein (tryptophan) had lower brain tryptophan than those consuming the high-carbohydrate and lower-protein diet. Stressed individuals in the latter group had more depression induced by stress, less energy, and higher levels of cortisol, while the diet higher in carbohydrates prevented those harmful effects.121 The authors conclude that individuals prone to stress have a higher likelihood of having a serotonin deficiency in the brain.
The Effects of Experimental Diabetes on the Cytochrome P450 System and Other Metabolic Pathways
Published in John H. McNeill, Experimental Models of Diabetes, 2018
Costas Ioannides, Peter R. Flatt, Christopher R. Barnett
to discern the effects of diabetes from those of the diabetogen per se. All animals were killed 21 days after treatment with the diabetogen so that the transient toxicity associated with streptozotocin was avoided.52 In these studies, diabetic animals developed the expected symptoms of polyphagia and polydipsia. All animals showed body weight gain with the streptozotocin group displaying the least gain; animals that received nicotinamide simultaneously with the streptozotocin exhibited the same body weight growth as the control group. Finally, the body weight gain in the group injected with streptozotocin and treated with insulin was intermediate between that seen in the control and streptozotocin-treated groups.57 Animals receiving the streptozotocin only developed severe hyperglycemia, whereas mild hyperglycemia was evident in the groups that received nicotinamide or insulin in addition to the diabetogen.
Diagnosis and Screening of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly
Published in Medha N. Munshi, Lewis A. Lipsitz, Geriatric Diabetes, 2007
Hyperglycemia, which is the cardinal manifestation of diabetes, can be present for many years before symptoms appear. Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss are some of the common presenting symptoms of diabetes. The most severe form of presentation is with ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Diabetes can also present with symptoms related to complications of diabetes. The common long-term complications of diabetes are macrovascular diseases (cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular diseases (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy).
Long-Term Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) Antioxidant Therapy Reduces Damage in the Cardiovascular System of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Cristiane Simões Coelho Britto Ramos, Vivian Alves Pereira da Silva, Lanna Beatriz Neves Silva Corrêa, Renato de Souza Abboud, Gilson Teles Boaventura, Mauricio Alves Chagas
The body mass of all the animals was homogeneous at the beginning of the experiment. When compared to the controls, significant decrease in the body mass of the animals was observed after diabetes induction with streptozotocin, possibly due to protein degradation and muscle mass loss, which is common in this situation (34). The supplemented diabetic group showed body mass gain similar to the DG. This confirms the findings of the clinical studies suggesting that ALA used as a dietary supplement may be effective in weight loss and body fat reduction without impairing muscle proteins (35,36). The loss of body mass contrasts with the progressive increase in food intake, which can be explained by polyphagia caused by DM. However, the results observed in the supplemented animals show that, in the long-term, the addition of ALA to the diet reduces food intake, probably due to the appetite suppressing properties of ALA (36). Similar results for both body mass and consumption were observed by Al-Rasheed et al. (37).
Modulatory effect of isopulegol on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Karunanithi Kalaivani, Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan
Diabetic rats showed signs of weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. The excessive catabolism of protein to provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis during insulin deficiency resulted in muscle wasting which decreased body weight (Pupim et al. 2005). Similarly a negative energy balance leads to increasing appetite and persistent glycosuria induces osmotic diuresis, thus resulting in polyphagia and polyuria (Kumar et al. 2005). In the present study, food intake of diabetic control group was increased during the experimental period. Administration of isopulegol significantly controlled food and fluid intake to normal level and restored the loss in body weight. These findings are consistent with Panigrahi et al., who reported that administration of methanolic extract of sesbania grandiflora ameliorated alterations in body weight and food intake to near normal in HFD/STZ induced diabetic rats (Panigrahi et al.2016).
Antidiabetic Activity of Triticum aestivum Seed–Based Diet on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
B. O. Ajiboye, H. O. B. Oloyede, M. O. Salawu
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion or poor response to insulin, which leads to alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism (Shobana et al. 2009). Ortiz-Andrade et al. (2007) have reported that hyperglycemia could induce nonenzymatic glycosylation of various macromolecules, generation of reactive oxygen species, and alteration of endogenous antioxidants. Added to this, diabetes mellitus is known to produce symptoms such as reduction in weight, polyphagia, polyuria, and so on. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, organ damage, and anemia, among others (Lebovitz 2001). Ivanildo et al. (2017) documented that prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing progressively and has become a major epidemic. More than 415 million people are living with this disease globally and it is projected to be 642 million by year 2040 if necessary action is not taken.