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Aviation public health
Published in Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol, Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol
In accordance with IHR (2005), countries may require aircraft disinsection in order to prevent import of insect vectors (principally mosquitoes) which may be locally viable: hr preflight using permethrin (25:75 cis trans).Pre-departure (doors closed) or top of descent using D-phenothrin.Residual disinsection using permethrin (25:75 cis trans) emulsifiable concentrate at (not exceeding) 2-monthly intervals.
Common problems in pregnancy
Published in Anne Lee, Sally Inch, David Finnigan, Therapeutics in Pregnancy and Lactation, 2019
There is a lack of data on the effects of headlice and scabies treatments on the fetus. Malathion, an organophosphorous insecticide, is poorly absorbed from the skin. There is no evidence that use at recommended doses is harmful, although published information is limited.46 Similarly, little is known about the potential risks of the pyrethroids (permethrin and phenothrin) which are now in widespread use for these indications.47 Of these agents, malathion is first choice in pregnancy. Aqueous preparations are preferable to the alcoholic lotions. If either malathion or pyrethroids are used, women should be advised not to exceed the recommended dose and that they should not be used repeatedly. Headlice should be managed without recourse to topical treatment if possible.
Genital itching
Published in Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva, The Male Genitalia, 2018
Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva
For eradication of the lice, lotions are more effective than shampoos and should be applied to all body hair. A second application within one week may be required. The treatment options are: malathion 0.5%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after 12 hours orcarbaryl 0.5%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after two hours (not licensed for pubic lice in the UK) orphenothrin 0.2%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after two hours orpermethrin 1% cream. Apply to damp hair and wash off after 10 minutes.
Exposure to pyrethroids induces behavioral impairments, neurofibrillary tangles and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s type neurodegeneration in adult Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
K. A. Iteire, A. T. Sowole, B. Ogunlade
Pyrethroids, the synthetic forms of pyrethrins (insecticides derived from chrysanthemum plants extracts), are currently part of the most used pesticide globally (Jayakumar et al.2008). These agents are usually formulated with petroleum distillates and packaged in combination with synergists such as piperonylbutoxide and n- octylbicycloheptenedicarboximide (Gosselin 1984), resulting in the affinity of their absorption and ability to cross the blood- brain barrier into the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Crofton et al.1995) thereby causing neurological impairments. Pyrethroids are grouped into type I and II based on the presence or absence of a cyano-group respectively (Glickman and Casida 1982). Type I include: allethrin, tetramethrin, resmethrin, bioremethrin and permethrin; while type II Includes: cypermethrin, cyfluthrin. cyphenothrin and deltamethrin. These chemicals have been observed to be neurotoxic to insects by binding and disrupting voltage-gated sodium channels in insects (Soderlund et al.2002, Wang et al.2006). Oral administration at specific concentrations have been reported to cause neurotoxic response by inducing gliosis and neurodegeneration in the cerebrum and cerebellum of rats treated with a formulation containing three of these agents (allethrin, phenothrin and imiprothrin) as active ingredients (Igho and Afoke 2014). Similarly, adverse effects from these chemicals manifested through a number of subjective clinical symptoms and deterioration of neurocognitive performances attributable to neurodegenerative diseases (Martin et al.2017).
Metabolism of metofluthrin in rats: I. Identification of metabolites
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Jun Abe, Hirohisa Nagahori, Hirokazu Tarui, Yoshitaka Tomigahara, Naohiko Isobe
As we can see in many pyrethroid compounds, such as prallethrin, phenothrin, tetramethrin and imiprothrin, chrysanthemic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, is the most common substructure of their acid side. Mammalian metabolism of the chrysanthemic acid is well identified, and the major metabolic pathway is ω-oxidation to yield alcohol or carboxylic acid (Kaneko, 2011; Kaneko & Ohkawa, 1981b; Kaneko et al., 1984; Tomigahara et al., 1994c). In the present research, the metabolic pathways of 2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid were identified for the first time. ω-Oxidation was one of the major pathways, similar to that of chrysanthemic acid, but several unique reactions of epoxidation of the double bond and 2-methyl oxidation followed by some other reactions were found on this metabolite. It was suggested that the reactivity of the acid side was gained by the removal of a methyl moiety to produce initial epoxide/oxide metabolites.
Pyrethroid epidemiology: a quality-based review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Carol J. Burns, Timothy P. Pastoor
Depending on the region of the world, there are over a dozen registered pyrethroid molecules that are used in a myriad of products for agriculture, homeowner, veterinary, and medical applications. Specific pyrethroids include allethrin, bioallethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, flumethrin, fluvalinate-tau, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, and tetramethrin.