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The Salivary Glands
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Contrast studies – cannulating the parotid duct and demonstrating the ductal architecture – may show strictures and ectatic ducts and may even be therapeutic in flushing debris from the gland. As with management of calculi, there is growing interest in techniques to introduce increasingly sophisticated endoscopes to the parotid duct and undertake sialendoscopic treatment.
Surgical Anatomy of the Neck
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. They extend from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the upper part of the neck inferiorly. Medially, they fill the gap between the mandible and the mastoid. They extend close to the lateral wall of the oropharynx. The anatomy of the facial nerve is described above. The nerve divides the gland into superficial (80%) and deep (20%) lobes. The nerve lies superficial to the retromandibular vein. The parotid duct (of Stensen) originates within the gland; it emerges from the anterior border of the parotid gland, turning medially at the anterior border of the masseter, before entering the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar.
Surgery
Published in Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield, The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield
A 60-year-old man attends your GP clinic complaining of a lump on the outer aspect of his cheek. He first noticed it a few months ago, but as it hasn’t disappeared he wants your opinion on what it is. There is no pain associated with it, and he has not noticed any other swellings in his neck and feels otherwise well. Following examination, you feel that this swelling is within the parotid gland. What cranial nerve would you examine? (1)What are the other pairs of salivary glands? (2)What percentage of tumours within the salivary glands are found in the parotid gland? (1)What is the commonest tumour of the parotid gland? (1)What features would lead you to expect a carcinoma? (2)Where does the parotid duct enter the mouth? (1)Excluding tumours, what other conditions can lead to unilateral swelling of the parotid gland? (2)
Pefloxacin induced changes in serotonergic innervation and mast cell number in rat salivary glands
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Boglárka Emese Skopkó, Ádám Deák, Clara Matesz, Barna Kelentey, Tímea Bácskai
The parotid and sublingual glands were prepared and removed under the stereomicroscope (Greene 1959). The sublingual and submandibular glands have a common connective tissue capsule on the anterior cervical region. The sublingual gland is smaller and located on the latero-anterior part of this complex and bordered medially by the submandibular lymph nodes. Both glands have separate excretory ducts and their openings can be found on the parafrenular area of plica sublingualis. A small portion of multilocular adipose tissue is located between the submandibular-sublingual complex and parotid gland (Amano et al.2012; Greene 1959). The parotid gland is found anteroinferior to the external ear and bordered caudally by the submandibular gland. It is encapsulated with subcutaneous adipose tissue (Amano et al.2012). The parotid duct opens in the oral cavity on the buccal mucosa towards the upper molars (Amano et al.2012, Greene 1959) (Figure 1).
Preliminary application and evaluation of autograft reconstruction of parotid duct defect with submandibular gland duct for buccal cancer
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Ruohuang Lu, Zhiqiang Xiao, Xincheng Guo, Pingping Gan
There are various anatomical structure differences between veins and parotid ducts. The veins usually need to receive nutrient support from the blood flowing inside. Therefore, vein grafts have long-term nutritional disorders, whereas the parotid ducts and submandibular ducts generally get nutritional support from outside the tube. Comparatively, there is a long-term infiltration of saliva and related digestive enzymes in the parotid duct. The submandibular gland duct has a wall structure similar to that of the parotid duct. After transplantation, it can adapt quickly to the pH of saliva and the environment of salivary digestive enzymes. Chudakov et al. [18], who used the intravenous parotid duct as a transplantation supplement in dogs, found endometrial necrosis, endometrial ablation, and middle and adventitial edema after grafting the vein, and that the vein thickens to 1.5 to 1.8 times up to 14 to 21 days after surgery. Furthermore, it was found that the vein grafts were all replaced by connective tissue 21 days after surgery. Therefore, the proliferation of the graft vein wall may lead to the narrowing of the graft vein.
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands are the three major paired salivary glands. Numerous other minor salivary glands open into the mouth and are scattered throughout the oral cavity. The parotid gland, the largest of the saliva glands, is situated in front of the external ear and is almost entirely serous. The palpable parotid duct runs superficial of the buccinator muscle and through the cheek to drain into the mouth opposite of the second permanent maxillary molar. The submandibular gland is the size of a walnut and irregular in shape but generally spheroid and is located at the posterior and lower part of the mylohyoid muscle and mostly serous. The sublingual gland is the smallest of the three major paired salivary glands; it is flat and shaped like an almond. The location is cranial of the mylohyoid muscle and beneath the mouth floor mucosa. The sublingual gland is seromucous but most cells are mucous.11