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Prefrontal Inhibitory Signaling in the Control of Social Behaviors
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Social interaction is a complex behavior that involves multiple neural processes, including sensory perception, motivation, learning and memory, reward-seeking, and motor generation. Not surprisingly, a variety of brain structures have been identified to participate in social behavior, such as the olfactory bulb (Sanchez-Andrade and Kendrick 2009; Montagrin et al. 2018), the amygdala (Adolphs 2010), the hippocampus (Montagrin et al. 2018), the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) (Resendez et al. 2020; Tang et al. 2020; Hung et al. 2017), the cerebellum (Carta et al. 2019), the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Gunaydin et al. 2014), the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (Dolen et al. 2013), and the mPFC (Ko 2017). Of these, the mPFC is a higher-order cortical area that constantly receives and processes incoming information from numerous upstream structures and transmits integrated output to down-stream brain structures for top-down behavioral control. Therefore, the mPFC represents an ideal hub to combine external social cues with animal’s internal states to produce proper output and thus generate appropriate social behavior.
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Neuropeptide Gene Expression and Processing
Published in Edwin E. Daniel, Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2019
In the paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus of lactating female rats a twofold increase in VIP-mRNA levels has been reported, suggesting that the VIP gene can be regulated by hormonal events associated with suckling and elevated prolactin secretion.110 In addition, VIP-mRNA levels were increased in the hypothalamus at the time of sexual maturation.110
Psychological responses to stress and exercise on students’ lives
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
The small pituitary gland is situated above the hypothalamus and releases hormones to activate or inhibit the release of other hormones. The paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus parvocellular neurons releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone that stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland (Goncharova, 2013). This hormone is released into the blood and reaches the adrenal glands, adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, situated near the kidney (Goncharova, 2013). The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) which play a pivotal role in preparing the body for a stress situation. These hormones signal increased metabolism (i.e. glycogenolysis and beta oxidation), cardiovascular activity, increasing heart rate and blood pressure and immune cell activity. On the other hand, the adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoid, mainly cortisol in humans, that has anabolic functions (i.e. gluconeogenesis) (Khani & Tayek, 2001), and mostly catabolic functions (i.e. beta oxidation) (Brillon, Zheng, Campbell, & Matthews, 1995). Furthermore, cortisol seems to inhibit proinflammatory immune cell activation and HPA axis activation.
Characteristics and the role of purinergic receptors in pathophysiology with focus on immune response
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2020
Marharyta Zyma, Rafał Pawliczak
In normal physiology, adenosine is responsible for regulation of the general stimulation and local neuronal excitability, promoting, and maintaining sleep [82]. Adenosine plays a crucial role in transfer of energy in cells. The study validating the effect of sleep loss and alcohol intake on cognitive impairments, showed that the A1 receptors are involved in attenuation of cognitive abilities. In brain, adenosine can enhance sleepiness after sleep deprivation, besides, ethanol can also induce the similar effect via increase of the extracellular level of adenosine, what in turn leads to cholinergic neurons inhibition. The study has shown the increased availability of A1 receptors in brain after alcohol intake, which was also correlated with sleep deficiency [86]. One of the antagonists of A1 receptors, that is able to alleviate the effects of alcohol and inhibit sleep is caffeine [86,146]. The recent studies have shown that A1 receptors are expressed in hypothalamus, where act as regulators of energy balance. In diet-induced obesity mouse, the overexpression of A1 receptors was found in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Next, analysis of brain section, such as a double immunofluorescence staining, proved the expression of A1 receptors in neurons. Monitoring of the nourishment and weights of mice suggests the correlation between expression of A1 receptors and increased appetite, finally predisposing to obesity in mice [86,147].
Gestational folic acid content alters the development and function of hypothalamic food intake regulating neurons in Wistar rat offspring post-weaning
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Neil Victor Yang, Emanuela Pannia, Diptendu Chatterjee, Ruslan Kubant, Mandy Ho, Rola Hammoud, Zdenka Pausova, G. Harvey Anderson
Although this study showed gestational folic acid content to have altered expression of NPY+neurons at birth and activation of POMC+neurons post-weaning, the relationship between the effects of gestational folic acid diets on the development and function of NPY and POMC expressing neurons and food intake in the offspring remains unclear. To further elucidate the role of folic acid on food intake regulation, future studies must explore second-order neurons including the paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, as well as other key food intake regulatory neuropeptides to better understand the mechanisms mediating folic acid-induced changes in the food intake pathways. A clearer map of cell fate in the hypothalamus is needed. As well, further investigation of substrates and epigenetic factors involved in methyl group transfers is needed to explain the elevated 5-MTHF levels found in the 0RF and 10RF rats at birth and their physiological significance.
Central microinjection of phytohormone abscisic acid changes feeding behavior, decreases body weight, and reduces brain oxidative stress in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Monavereh Soti, Mehdi Abbasnejad, Razieh Kooshki, Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
Insulin receptors are densely expressed throughout the brain primarily in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamic nuclei.46 Specifically, hypothalamic circuits and nuclei have pivotal roles on appetite control and feeding performances. It has been indicated that insulin treatment has an inhibitory effect on arcuate nucleus which expresses NPY. It also can decrease food consumption through the activation of pro-opiomelanocortin containing neurons.47 Furthermore, it has been reported that GLP-1 can decrease food intake via influence on solitary tract in the brainstem and the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus.48 Qi et al. reported that rat’s hypothalamus ABA concentration is higher than other brain tissue in responses to exogenous ABA.15 Moreover, it has been shown that chronic ABA treatment reduces hypothalamus levels of inflammatory mediators in high-fat diet rats.21 It seems that ABA insulin-sensitizing property can change the secretion of appetite hormones in hypothalamus. However, further studies are needed to determine its exact mechanism (s).