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Ayahuasca
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Raquel Consul, Flávia Lucas, Maria Graça Campos
Oxidative deamination by MAO is the main detoxification pathway of DMT, but it is not exclusive, so it can be quantified in urine, in addition to the metabolite major indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), N-oxide-DMT (NO-DMT), NMT, and MTHC, resulting from N-oxidation, N-demethylation, and cyclization, respectively (Araújo et al. 2015). When co-administered with β-carbolines, there is a significant increase in NO-DMT quantified in urine. Therefore, it can be concluded that N-oxidation also becomes a major pathway.
Metabolism
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The catabolism of amino acids involves oxidative deamination. The first step involves transamination where the amino group is removed, leaving a carbon moiety. The amino groups pass through several amino acids and finally form glutamate and aspartate. The glutamate is converted to ammonia by glutamate dehydrogenase. Ammonia, together with aspartate and CO2, enters the urea cycle to form urea, utilizing two ATPs (Figure 65.8).
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Inhalation of high concentrations of ammonia causes temporary blindness and intolerable irritation of the eyes and the glottis. Large doses of ammonia can actually affect the cerebral energy metabolism in the brain.27 Smaller doses cause irritation of the respiratory tract and conjunctivae. The major hazard of ammonia is to office workers from blueprinting and copying machines, to workers in the chemical industry where larger amounts of ammonia are used in the chemical processes, and to farmers exposed to fertilizers. The TLV for ammonia is 25 ppm, corresponding to about 18 mg/m3.28 Again, this value is probably too high for chronic exposures. Excess ammonia can overload the oxidative deamination mechanisms and create chemical sensitivity, as has been seen in the patients at the EHC-Dallas, giving both reactive airway disease and cerebral dysfunction. The catalytic oxidation of ammonia with atmospheric oxygen gives oxides of nitrogen which can easily be converted to nitric acid (Figure 4.3).
Advances in prodrug design for Alzheimer’s disease: the state of the art
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Valentin Travers--Lesage, Serge M. Mignani, Patrick Dallemagne, Christophe Rochais
Ladostigil 42 is certainly the most studied pleiotropic (pro)drug [76–78] (Figure 4). It was conceived as a structural compromise between rivastigmine 3, a covalent AChE and BuChE inhibitor, and rasagiline 41, a selective MonoAmine Oxidase-B inhibitor (MAO-B), marketed against Parkinson disease. 42 covalently inhibits central AChE and BuChE and releases in the CNS a phenol derivative of rasagiline 41. The latter selectively inhibits central MAO-B, using its propargylamino group to covalently bind the flavine co-enzymatic factor of MAO-B. Inhibition of the oxidative deamination role of the enzyme toward aminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine, 5-HT, NAdr) preserves the synaptic concentrations of the latter, which are decreased in AD patients. Further, inhibition of this catabolic pathway avoids the liberation of neurotoxic hydrogen peroxide, usually formed during this enzymatic reaction. Finally, central release of rasagiline derivative, also avoids the potentially lethal risk inherent to peripheral inhibition of MAO within the context of drug–food interaction (MAOI cheese-effect).
Prediction of novel inhibitors for Crotalus adamanteus
l -amino acid oxidase by repurposing FDA-approved drugs: a virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation investigation
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Mostafa Khedrinia, Hassan Aryapour, Manijeh Mianabadi
Snakes venom are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins, organic and inorganic compounds (Ramos and Selistre-De-Araujo 2006). One of these enzymes is l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) with the systematic name of l-amino-acid: oxygen oxidoreductase (EC: 1.4.3.2), which is widely found in various organisms such as insects (Ahn et al.2000), fungus (Nuutinen et al.2012), bacteria (Geueke and Hummel 2002, Yu and Qiao 2012, Matsui et al.2014), plants (Cooper and Pinto 2005, Yang et al.2012), algae (Schriek et al.2009), mammals (Nakano and Danowski 1965, Puiffe et al.2013), and snakes (Li et al.1994, Du and Clemetson 2002, Samel et al.2006, 2008, Costa et al.2014, Izidoro et al.2014). l-Amino acid oxidase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the l-type enantiomer of amino acids to produce ammonia and α-keto acid via an intermediate imino acid (in accordance with the following reaction) (Bordon et al.2015).
Prevalence of Acb and non-Acb complex in elderly population with urinary tract infection (UTI)
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Smiline Girija AS, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Paramasivam A
All isolates were further subjected to simplified phenotypic tests as reported earlier [18]. Growth at varying temperatures like 37°C and 44°C was done in an incubator and in a water bath, respectively, to differentiate A. baumannii from other Acinetobacter species. Haemolysis was observed on 5% sheep blood agar to confirm A. hemolyticus. Glucose oxidation/fermentation was observed in oxidative-fermentative medium [OF medium] with low concentration of peptone and single sugar glucose and gelatin liquefaction/hydrolysis in gelatin stabs [Hi Media]. Fermentation of arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose was also assessed. Oxidative deamination of phenylalanine to phenyl pyruvic acid was checked by phenyl alanine deaminase test. Carbon assimilation was assessed by detecting utilization of citrate [Simmon’s citrate agar, Hi Media], arginine hydrolysis and malonate fermentation as per standard microbiological guidelines [19]. Malonate fermentation and phenylalanine deamination was considered specifically for A. radioresistens. Citrate utilisation was assessed for A. jhonsonii. Susceptibility for penicillin [10 µg] and chloramphenicol [30 µg] was also included in the identification of Acinetobacter phenons. The results were recorded in percentage of the isolates showing positive and negative results. Routine identification tests were performed for all the other gram-negative bacteria isolated as per standard microbiological guidelines.