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Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
Multiple radioisotopes of iodine are available, but only 131I and 123I are clinically important (104,106). Radioisotopes of iodine provide a physiological map of iodine trapping, organification, and coupling by normal and pathological thyroid tissue.
Pendred Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Individuals presenting with the following findings should be suspected of Pendred syndrome: (i) clinical findings (congenital or prelingual, non-progressive, severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment based on auditory brain stem response testing or pure tone audiometry), (ii) temporal bone imaging findings (Mondini malformation or dysplasia [presence of both cochlear hypoplasia and bilateral EVA detected on thin-cut CT]), (iii) endocrine findings (euthyroid goiter due to an organification defect of iodide) [1].
Principles of Radioiodination and Iodine-Labeled Tracers in Biomedical Investigation †
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Mrinal K. Dewanjee, Shyam A. Rao
Fractions of M.I.T. and D.I.T. are enzymatically coupled to form triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). After digestion of the thyroglobulin-thyroid hormone matrix by proteolytic enzymes, T3 and T4 are released from thyroid into plasma at a rate of 1%/day. The dehalogenase in plasma and in other tissue strips iodide from T3, and T4 hormones and iodide are released. Iodide trapping in the thyroid cell could be blocked by analogue ions of perchlorate , thiocyanate (CNS-), perrhenate , and tetrafluoroborate . However, organification of iodide into thyroid hormones is blocked by the thioureas, e.g., propyl thiouracil and methimazol.
Free thyroxine measurement in clinical practice: how to optimize indications, analytical procedures, and interpretation criteria while waiting for global standardization
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
Federica D’Aurizio, Jürgen Kratzsch, Damien Gruson, Petra Petranović Ovčariček, Luca Giovanella
The interpretation of TFT can be difficult in hospitalized patients and those recently discharged from the hospital [34]. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is recognized as a nonspecific adaptive mechanism for illness and an indirect marker of disease severity in various conditions, including hospitalization in the critical care setting [35]. The underlying mechanisms include multiple and complex alterations (i.e. inhibition of iodide uptake and organification, suppression of thyroglobulin synthesis and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion, inhibition of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis) mediated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha that have specific effects on the thyroid gland [36]. The hallmark of non-thyroidal illness syndrome is low FT3, with or without low FT4, in combination with normal or low TSH in clinically euthyroid patients. Furthermore, in the prolonged phase of critical illness, non-thyroidal illness syndrome is associated with adverse outcomes. In general, TFT are discouraged in these conditions whenever possible.
An innovative approach to polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Mariano Bizzarri, Patrizia Logoteta, Giovanni Monastra, Antonio Simone Laganà
The research carried out by Unfer on inositols started from MI in PCOS and reproduction disorders and then opened innovative ways, also far beyond the PCOS therapy, in areas hitherto little or nothing explored in connection with MI or MI/DCI in the 40:1 ratio. Now we very briefly mention his studies on the use of MI in combination with oral contraceptive pill, achieving the goal to reduce the dose of the contraceptive pill (Minozzi et al. 2011) or in combination with melatonin (Vitale et al. 2016) to improve the outcome of IVF (Unfer et al. 2011b, Carlomagno et al. 2011a, Carlomagno et al. 2018). Furthermore, he tested MI in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), obtaining interesting results (Costabile and Unfer 2017), confirmed by other groups (Santamaria et al. 2016; Fraticelli et al. 2018; Pintaudi et al. 2018; Santamaria et al. 2018; Celentano et al. 2020). Finally, he highlighted the usefulness of MI to regulate iodine organification and thyroid hormone biosynthesis. This MI effect may increase thyroid functionality and possibly allow a quicker recovery from iodine deficiency (Barbaro et al. 2019).
Modeling principles of protective thyroid blocking
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Alexis Rump, Stefan Eder, Cornelius Hermann, Andreas Lamkowski, Manabu Kinoshita, Tetsuo Yamamoto, Junya Take, Michael Abend, Nariyoshi Shinomiya, Matthias Port
Although the three-compartment model described above should be considered as very useful for practical purposes, the disposition of inorganic and organic iodine seems to be actually more complex. This led to the development of models using several interconnected compartments to represent the thyroid permitting to better understand iodine trapping by organification in the gland (Hays 1978). A more elaborate biokinetic model including additional tissue compartments and an exchange with the gastrointestinal tract that was originally developed by Leggett (2010) was meanwhile adopted by the ICRP (2017). For the sake of completeness, it should be mentioned that other models intended for special subpopulations have been developed, e.g. to describe the age-dependent iodine disposition in children (Leggett 2017) or in pregnant or breastfeeding women, including the possibility to assess the dose absorbed by the thyroid of the embryo/fetus depending on the gestational age or the nursing infant (Berkovski 2002).