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Temporal Bone Tumours
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Middle ear adenomas (MEAs) represent a rare benign primary middle ear tumour, thought to be derived from the middle ear mucosa. These tumours lack the aggressive features of malignancy such as bone erosion and are generally accepted to have a good prognosis. Histologically and immunohistochemically, these tumours can display both epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation. Surgical resection, without adjuvant treatment, is the management of choice, although they have a high recurrence rate.
Urothelial and Urethral Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Ibrahim Jubber, Karl H. Pang, James W.F. Catto
NeuronalNeuroendocrine differentiation.Increased expression of MSI1, PLEKHG4B, neuronal differentiation and development genes.Aggressive cancers.Thought to be sensitive to Etoposide-cisplatin therapy.
Breast Imaging with Radiolabeled Peptides
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Eric P. Krenning, Marion de Jong, Roelf Valkema, Casper H.J. van Eijck
Between 1977 and 1982 several reports demonstrated a variety of argyrophilic breast tumors containing dense-core secretory granules and showing the typical features of carcinoids. Bussolati et al. also found argyrophilic chromogranin-positive cells immunocytochemically in part of human breast cancers with the mouse monoclonal antibody LK2H10 directed against human chromogranin [38]. Immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, which is present in neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation, was found in more than 30% of breast carcinomas. However, expression of this marker in mammary gland tissues does not appear to be always related to endocrine differentiation, as defined by ultrastructural demonstration of secretory granules. Other markers such as chromogranin A (CgA) and B and synaptophysin were later found to be more specific for neuroendocrine differentiation. In 391 patients with various tumors who underwent somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, we were recently able to make a comparison between serum values of CgA, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and a-subunits of glycoprotein hormones (a-SU). Of 62 patients with breast cancer, elevated serum levels of CgA, NSE, and a-SU were found in 8%, 37%, and 10%, respectively; in 208 patients with various classical neuroendocrine tumors the mean figures were 50%, 43%, and 24%, respectively [39].
Complementary value of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer: A potential role for electron microscopy in the era of targeted therapy
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2019
Raquel Albero-González, Jessica Munné-Collado, Lara Pijuan, Mercedes Simón, Javier Gimeno-Beltrán, Sergi Mojal, Marta Salido, Sergi Clavé, Nuria Juanpere, Alba Dalmases, Laura Comerma, Ivonne Vázquez, Albert Sánchez-Font, Álvaro Taus, Silvia Hernández, Belén Lloveras, Josep Lloreta Trull
Another issue is the impact of tumor heterogeneity.14 In the present series, up to 25% of NSCLC-NOS presented with an inconclusive IHC profile and this could be explained by an incomplete sampling of a heterogeneous tumor. EM can also be a source of confounding data and careful assessment by experienced electron microscopists is imperative.5,15,17 These requirements are not very different from those of IHC, as the several pitfalls of the latter can be enhanced by the small sample size and representativity limitations.32 A special comment is deserved by the case in which the surgical specimen could be diagnosed as neuroendocrine, while neither the bioptical tissue for immunohistochemistry nor the sample for EM provided any clue of this differentiation. The neuroendocrine differentiation in this tumor was not homogeneously distributed, and we carefully reviewed the samples after the diagnosis of the surgical specimen was made, but could not find any consistent evidence of neuroendocrine granules. Therefore, this discrepancy was interpreted as a sampling problem. Likewise, we attribute the low percentage of neuroendocrine malignancies to a random fact in our series.
Systemic manifestations of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma associated with a novel t(2;22)(q34;q12) EWS translocation in a child and a review of the literature
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2018
Irini D. Batsis, Rachel Offenbacher, Brad Rybinski, Bruce Pawel, Daniel A. Weiser
EMCs classically present in adults in an extremity as a painful mass or a cause of paresthesia distal to the tumor.3 EMCs are often indolent and may be present for years before they are noticed; associated systemic findings, including anemia, are exceedingly rare, but have been described previously in the adult population.4 Only 22 case reports involving children have been identified in the literature (Table 1). EMC is characterized by distinct cords or clusters of malignant chondroblast-like cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm immersed in a glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix with a multinodular growth pattern.5,6 A substantial portion of EMCs show neuroendocrine differentiation with expression of neuron-specific markers. These include vimentin, which is reported most consistently, along with enolase, synaptophysin, S100, PGP 9.5, and epithelial membrane antigen.5,6 There are usually few mitotic cells present.5,6 EMC often harbors a translocation between EWSR1 (22q12) and NR4A3 (9q22).5 However, we are the first to report the presence of a t(2;22)(q34;q12) translocation involving the EWSR1 gene in EMC.
The Swedish national guidelines on prostate cancer, part 2: recurrent, metastatic and castration resistant disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
Ola Bratt, Stefan Carlsson, Per Fransson, Jon Kindblom, Johan Stranne, Camilla Thellenberg Karlsson
The treatment decision should always be individualized and made together with the patient himself. Factors that need to be taken into account include the patient’s personal preferences, comorbidities, current medication, previous prostate cancer treatments and the response thereof. Of growing importance are histologic variants, such as neuroendocrine differentiation, and genetic alterations (germline as well as somatic). New effective treatments are now being registered almost on an annual basis. This is of course positive for both the treating doctors and the patients, but the registration and reimbursement processes often take a considerable length of time during which financial issues and ethical conflicts arise.