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Tumors of the Nasal Cavity in Nondomesticated Animals
Published in Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Richard J. Montau, Marion G. Valerio, John C. Harshbarger
A transitional cell adenocarcinoma in a yellow rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta, contributed to the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals by R. M. Sauer (RTLA 1937), is the only likely example in a reptile. This lesion occurred as an ulcerated, friable mass (0.75 cm in diameter) in the roof of the mouth. It consisted of simple and branching tubules formed by nonciliated, transitional, mitotically-active epithelium, embedded in abundant fibrous connective tissue (Figure 5). Epithelial cells contained vesicles of secretory material and neurosensory cells were absent. While no attempt was made to establish the origin of the lesion, the location and morphology suggested one of the nasal glands, possibly Bowman’s gland.
Head, neck and vertebral column
Published in David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings, McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings
Nerve supply - most of the nasal cavity (including the sinuses) is lined by respiratory mucous membrane (pseu- dostratified, with cilia), with sensory supplies by branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves (trigeminal). Only a small area of the roof, the uppermost part of the septum and over the superior concha, is olfactory, with receptors for smell supplied by filaments of the olfactory nerve, which run through the foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter the olfactory bulb on the under surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. Nasal glands receive secretory fibres from the (parasympathetic) pterygopalatine ganglion (the ‘ganglion of hay fever'), which is attached to the maxillary nerve just below (inferior to) the base of the skull, behind the foramen rotundum.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nasal Cavity
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Donald F. Proctor, Jane C. F. Chang
Beyond the similarity in airway anatomy, there are major structural differences between man and other mammals in the nostrils, vestibules, nasal septum, and the turbinates which can modify the course of the air currents. The nostrils of some diving mammals and bats can be regulated to open and close, while those of bisons are comma-shaped so as to direct the airflow above the nasoturbinate and below down on the floor of the nasal fossa simultaneously. The vestibule of rats, mice, and cats contains atrioturbinates which are effective baffle systems to deflect a large volume of air and impact particulates. In addition, the vestibule also functions as a reservoir for droplets of serous secretions produced by the serous or mucoserous lateral nasal glands. In man and high primates, the lateral nasal glands are absent.29 Inside the main chamber, the air streams are further affected by the juxtaposition between the septum and the turbinates. Although the septum in most mammals effectively divides the chamber into two symmetrical compartments, the septum of rats, mice, and guinea pigs contains the so called “septal window” so that, in some experiments, the two halves cannot be treated individually.30,32 On the ventral part of the septum of most ma-crosmatic species, including dogs, cats, rodents, and rabbits, there is a structural prominence formed by a number of vascular spaces beneath the epithelium called swell bodies, which when collapsed will allow the air to pass freely beneath the maxilloturbinate and directly towards the nasopharynx. When distended, they will cause the inspired air to pass over the maxilloturbinate.20 The distension and collapse of the swell bodies are regulated in response to PC02, humidity and temperature in the air, and has been shown to be cyclic.33 Because of its location and structure, the swell body has a greater influence than other structures in altering the course of the airstream. A similar function has been ascribed to the anterior end of the inferior turbinate in man.34
Gustatory rhinitis in multiple system atrophy
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2021
Kaoru Yamakawa, Kenji Kondo, Akihiko Unaki, Hideto Saigusa, Kyohei Horikiri, Tatsuya Yamasoba
PD, MSA, dementia with Lewy bodies, and pure autonomic failure are categorized as synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by an abnormal accumulation of misfolded phosphorylated α-synuclein in the neurons, glia, or both [6,7]. Autonomic dysfunction is observed in synucleinopathies [8]. The sympathetic nervous system tends to be affected more than the parasympathetic system, which is indicated by the higher rate of orthostatic hypotension [8] and cardiac sympathetic denervation [9]. Therefore, the majority of autonomic nervous symptoms in these patients are based on the deficiency of sympathetic tone and relative predominance of parasympathetic tone. The observation of rhinorrhea is in line with this rationale, because it is caused by parasympathetic nerve hyperactivity in the nasal glands.
Intranasal drug delivery devices and interventions associated with post-operative endoscopic sinus surgery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Lari K. Dkhar, Jim Bartley, David White, Ali Seyfoddin
When drugs are administered through the nasal pathway, gastrointestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism are avoided nevertheless, their presence in the lumen in the nasal cavity can lead to their degradation (Kaur et al. 2016). Additionally, when drugs pass through the nasal epithelial barrier, the existence of a wide range of metabolic enzymes in nasal tissues can also lead to their degradation. These metabolic enzymes are secreted from goblet cells, nasal glands, and transudate from plasma (Oliveira et al. 2016). They cause drug degradation especially in the case of peptides and proteins (Alagusundaram 2016). The metabolic enzymes found in nasal epithelial cells which degrade drugs in nasal mucosa are: cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase, lactate dehydrogenase, oxidoreductase, leucine aminopeptidase and phosphoglucomutase carboxyl esterases, epoxide hydrolases, and gluthatione S-transferases (Rakesh and Khan 2015). Certain drugs such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohols, progesterone, and decongestants are metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozymes (Savale and Mahajan 2017). Likewise, other metabolic enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes, aminopeptidases, and proteases, are also known to limit the bioavailability of peptide drugs such as calcitonin, insulin, and desmopressin (Thwala et al. 2017). The extent of drug degradation in the nasal cavity is typically weaker in comparison to hepatic and intestinal degradation, but it cannot be disregarded (Illum 2002; Gad 2017).