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Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Deena Altschwager, McGreggor Crowley
Throughout treatment, patients should be encouraged to consume a general, healthy diet whenever possible. However, patients can experience symptoms while going through treatment that will affect oral intake, and patients will benefit from encouragement to eat and drink. For patients with loss of appetite, consider small frequent meals, adding additional energy to foods (via butter, oil, or modulars), introducing nutrient-dense beverages, and reserving favorite foods for after treatment to avoid development of an oral aversion. If anorexia persists for an extended period, the medical team may prescribe anti-nausea or appetite-stimulant medications. Additionally, the use of EN should be considered.
The Treatment of the Special Forms of Mental Disease
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
In another respect the application of rest treatment in melancholia differs somewhat from that in neurasthenia. In melancholia there is, in the larger number of cases, not only a diminished appetite but actually disgust for food. Feeding should, therefore, be instituted with much tact and judgment, and here again much depends upon the nurse. In the larger number of cases, by tactful management, full feeding can sooner or later be brought about; the patient taking not only some solid food three times a day, but in addition large quantities of milk. It is frequently a good plan to begin with the administration of liquid food alone—especially milk; and only some time later to attempt the administration of solids. With many patients, when the dislike for food is very pronounced, we may be obliged to limit our efforts to the administration of milk or of milk and eggs, for a prolonged period. In many cases there is not only a loss of appetite, but often the patient is delusional with regard to his food. He may believe that it is poisoned or that it is foul or putrescent, or he may have formed the deliberate purpose of destroying his life by abstaining from food altogether. Much depends upon the tact and the personality of the nurse under such circumstances. Not infrequently, when the patient has refused to take food in response to persistent urging, the simple expedient of placing the glass of milk within easy reach, at his bedside, sometimes results—after a while and if the patient ostensibly be left alone—in his drinking the milk.
Sexually acquired viral hepatitis B and C
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Hepatitis B may be asymptomatic, but some or all of the following symptoms may be present: fatigue.loss of appetite – may lead to weight loss.nausea – with or without vomiting.abdominal pain.jaundice – yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (Fig. 19.1, next page).dark urine.grey or white stools.joint pain.
Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
António Cabral Lopes, Fátima Roque, Olga Lourenço, Maria Teresa Herdeiro, Manuel Morgado
Regarding the typology of reported ADRs, in more serious cases, it was possible to observe that vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea were the most frequent gastrointestinal clinical manifestations. From the point of view of metabolic and nutritional disorders, there was a considerable report of dehydration and loss of appetite. Urinary and kidney disorders were mainly represented by acute kidney injury and kidney failure. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction were the most represented clinical manifestations in terms of cardiac disorders [9,16]. These results are in line with the information contained in the summary of product characteristics, according to which the most frequent ADR for semalgutide are gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, among others); hypoglycemia (especially when associated with other antidiabetic drugs); reduced appetite; fatigue; lipase and amylase elevation; or even weight loss [45,46]. For both dosage forms, higher doses are often associated with more frequent GI disorders, as such, a dose-escalation schedule is recommended, starting with a low dose (3 mg) [47–49].
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a practical approach
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Hariharan Iyer, Abhishek Anand, PB Sryma, Kartik Gupta, Priyanka Naranje, Nishikant Damle, Saurabh Mittal, Neha Kawatra Madan, Anant Mohan, Vijay Hadda, Pawan Tiwari, Randeep Guleria, Karan Madan
Many patients with lung cancer present with endobronchial symptoms like cough and hemoptysis. Other symptoms may include loss of appetite and weight. However, in the majority of patients with peripheral tumors, endobronchial symptoms may be absent. Many patients with lung cancer may have predominant or isolated mediastinal involvement. The symptoms may also occur due to the compression of the mediastinal structures by the enlarged lymph nodes. Enlarged nodes in case of central tumors such as small cell carcinoma may compress the superior vena cava. Patients may present with symptoms such as engorged neck and upper arm veins, facial plethora and swelling. Enlarged left paratracheal nodes may compress the recurrent laryngeal nerve and lead to hoarseness of voice. Rarely enlarged nodes may cause significant compression of the tracheobronchial tree and may present with central airway obstruction features such as stridor and post-obstructive pneumonia [22]. Radiologically, isolated mediastinal adenopathy is unlikely. Usually, the involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer is due to metastasis. However, there can be an enlarged lymph nodal mass in small cell cancer, which is centrally located (Figure 7). CT allows identifying the enlarged lymph nodes, size, and exact location, which will help select the best possible diagnostic approach.
Nutritional, immunological and antioxidant defense status of outpatients diagnosed with colorectal cancer – a case–control study of the little-studied population
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Ifitikhar Alam, Wajid Alam, Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban, Mahmoud Abulmeaty, Nitin Shivappa, Suhail Razak
Our data show that there were more CRC patients than NCs with reduced appetite assessed on VAS classification (Table 1). Loss of appetite in our patients was highly prevalent as compared to prevalence reported in other studies (11). These variations may be due to differences in study designs, sample size and sampling techniques, and cancer stage and types etc. Nevertheless, appetite loss can be perceived as an indicator of both quality of life and cancer severity. The pathophysiology behind primary appetite loss in advanced cancer is probably in part caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuro-hormonal alterations (55), and seems accordingly to be related to the host reaction to tumor. Appetite loss may, however, also be affected by secondary factors such as depression/psychosocial stress, nausea, constipation, taste alterations or pain (56, 57).