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Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy
Published in Emilio Herrera, Robert H. Knopp, Perinatal Biochemistry, 2020
A. Zorzano, M. Palacín, X. Testar
Placental lactogen rises to very high levels during pregnancy.34,38 In humans, placental lactogen is secreted as a peptide (hPL) closely related to growth hormone (hGH); whereas in the rat there are two species of placental lactogen: rPLI and rPLII.38 The rPLI form is only secreted between days 11 and 13 of pregnancy, whereas the rPLII form is secreted from day 12 of pregnancy and its circulating levels increase until term. This last form (rPLII) is more related to prolactin than to growth hormone, and it has already been cloned and sequenced.41 In any event, only human placental lactogen has been investigated in regard to its role in insulin resistance, and its effect is clearly diabetogenic.42 These results suggest placental lactogen could play an important role in insulin resistance during pregnancy.
Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The maternal endocrine system undergoes significant changes during pregnancy. The profile of several important hormones in the maternal plasma during gestation is shown in Figure 10.16A. Of total plasma estrogens, the most abundant is estriol, and the least abundant is estradiol. Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and has both growth hormone (GH)-like and PRL-like activities [86]. hCG, made by the trophoblast, maintains progesterone production by the corpus luteum during the first trimester, until the placenta takes over progesterone production by 10 weeks of gestation and its levels are then reduced. The detection of hCG in the woman’s urine is used as an early test for pregnancy.
Pregnancy-Related Proteins Detected by Their Biological Activities
Published in Gábor N. Than, Hans Bohn, Dénes G. Szabó, Advances in Pregnancy-Related Protein Research, 2020
The next hormone detected in the placenta was human placental lactogen (hPL). The presence of lactogenic activity in placental extracts had already been described in 1936 by Erhart,4 but the hormone itself was not isolated before 1961.5 At the same time, Josimovich et al.6 demonstrated that the lactogenic substance was immunochemically similar to human pituitary growth hormone (hGH). Sciarra et al.7 showed that hPL is secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast in the placenta. The name human placental lactogen was first proposed by Josimovich et al.8 Later, when it became evident that the hormone also had a weak but definite somatotropic activity, it was also termed human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS).
Impact of pregnancy on voice: a prospective observational study
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2022
Burak Ulkumen, Burcu Artunc-Ulkumen, Onur Celik
Pregnancy is characterized by major physiological changes which alter the metabolism and anatomy of women [11]. These changes are primarily orchestrated by sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) which are also known to affect the human larynx. Human placental lactogen, placental growth hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen and progesterone are the main hormones which increase during pregnancy [18]. Progesterone and estrogen stand out in some respects. The influence of progesterone and estrogen on the larynx has been studied both in relation to pregnancy and different gonadocorticoid related disorders. It has been shown that fluctuation of serum progesterone and estrogen levels due to various conditions cause significant voice changes [6–9]. The effect of estrogen and progesterone on the laryngeal mucosa has also been demonstrated from a histological and biomolecular perspective [10,19]. It has been shown that estrogen leads to hypertrophy of vocal cord mucosa while progesterone leads to thickened mucosal secretions [19]. In our previous study, we revealed pregnancy related increase of MUC5AC levels in vocal cord mucosa, which was expected to affect voice [10]. Hereby, in the current study, we revealed pregnancy related voice changes regarding objective and subjective voice parameters.
Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester by fasting plasma glucose which cutoff is better?
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
A. Seval Ozgu-Erdinc, Umit Yasemin Sert, Hatice Kansu-Celik, Ozlem Moraloglu Tekin, Yaprak Engin-Ustun
GDM is getting one of the most common health problems by increasing IR in the world. Increased estrogen, progesterone, and circulating level of cortisol during pregnancy are assumed as the hormonal causes of IR (Barbour et al. 2007). In addition to hormonal changes, placental tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, human placental lactogen, and growth hormone are accused of glucose imbalance due to pregnancy-associated IR (Catalano et al. 1991, Barbour et al. 2007). Insulin level progressively increases from the second trimester to the third trimester to be able to struggle with advancing IR. GDM occurs when compensatory mechanisms of the pancreas are not sufficient (Alfadhli 2015). Decreasing insulin sensitivity eventuates with GDM which usually disappears after delivery (Catalano et al. 1991).
Human placental lactogen mRNA in maternal plasma play a role in prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta: yes or no?
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Jing Li, Ning Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiaoyu Hu, Guoqiang Gao, Yuanhua Ye, Wei Peng, Jun Zhou
Recent efforts have been focused on the identification of biochemical and/or biological markers that can be used to improve the accuracy of antenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta. It is intuitively appealing to investigate whether measuring maternal plasma placenta mRNA levels might yield information on abnormal placental development. Some biomarkers such as concentrations of maternal serum creatinine kinase and α-fetoprotein, which are elevated in maternal plasma, have been suggested to serve as biological markers of abnormally invasive placenta [4,5]. Nevertheless, the diagnostic accuracy of these predictive tests remains unsatisfactory. Circulating cell-free placental mRNAs in maternal plasma, which could be stably isolated and quantified, have been investigated as potential markers for placental function and placental-related disorders [6–9]. Several cell-free placental mRNAs, including human placental lactogen (hPL), have been proposed as markers for the prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta [10–13]. Yet, these studies have been limited by their small sample size, making it difficult to draw a definitive conclusion. Therefore, we measured the cell-free hPL mRNA concentration from maternal plasma of women with prior Cesarean deliveries to verify its usefulness as an antenatal predictor of abnormally invasive placenta compared with placenta previa alone or normal placentation.