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Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy
Published in Emilio Herrera, Robert H. Knopp, Perinatal Biochemistry, 2020
A. Zorzano, M. Palacín, X. Testar
Placental lactogen rises to very high levels during pregnancy.34,38 In humans, placental lactogen is secreted as a peptide (hPL) closely related to growth hormone (hGH); whereas in the rat there are two species of placental lactogen: rPLI and rPLII.38 The rPLI form is only secreted between days 11 and 13 of pregnancy, whereas the rPLII form is secreted from day 12 of pregnancy and its circulating levels increase until term. This last form (rPLII) is more related to prolactin than to growth hormone, and it has already been cloned and sequenced.41 In any event, only human placental lactogen has been investigated in regard to its role in insulin resistance, and its effect is clearly diabetogenic.42 These results suggest placental lactogen could play an important role in insulin resistance during pregnancy.
Prolactin and other Lactogenic Hormones
Published in Istvan Berczi, Pituitary Function and Immunity, 2019
PRL is related structurally to growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogen (PL). GH is generally considered the principal hormone that promotes body growth and regulates a variety of associated anabolic processes. On the other hand, PRL is viewed as a hormone of reproductive significance. However, if one compares all the known functions of these hormones on an evolutionary scale, it is clear that there is a considerable overlap. For instance, primate GH has a lactogenic effect, which can be readily demonstrated in a variety of species. The functional differences of GH and PRL seem to be greatest in ungulates, yet ungulate PRL is capable of supporting limb regeneration in the newt, tail growth in the tadpole, and body growth in the lizard. Although lactogenic and GH receptors are different, some cross-reactivity of GH and PRL with each other’s receptor has been demonstrated, which emphasizes further the similarities of these two hormones. It has been estimated that PRL and GH diverged by gene duplication from a common ancestral gene at least 380 million years ago. Placental lactogen also belongs to this hormonal family. Recent studies showed that several forms of PRL and GH exist, which may have different biological functions. It remains to be seen whether or not these isohormones will have a family of corresponding isoreceptors on various target tissues.2 There seems to be a complete functional overlap between PRL, GH, and PL with regard to their capacity of restoring the immunocompetence of hormonally altered animals.
The circulatory system and hormones
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Hormones have profound effects on the developing organism. They play a role in the onset of puberty, and a surge of luteinizing hormone (which regulates the menstrual cycle) triggers ovulation in potential new mothers. Estrogen rebuilds the lining of the uterus after menstruation, and progesterone stimulates the sweeping of the end of the fallopian tube over the surface of the ovary at the time of ovulation (in addition to maintaining pregnancy). During pregnancy, chorionic gonadotropin rescues the corpus luteum and saves the early pregnancy, and oxytocin stimulates the smooth muscle contraction initiating labor and childbirth. In anticipation of the new baby, placental lactogen prepares the breasts for postnatal lactation (breastfeeding).
The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on occurrence of the pelvic girdle pain and symptom severity in pregnant women
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Nilüfer Kablan, Habibe Ayvacı, Merve Can, Yaşar Tatar, Pınar Kumru, Sadık Şahin
A sequence of adaptations related to systemic and biomechanical changes occurs in pregnancy, which is a natural process; however, these changes may lead to the development of secondary pathologies in some cases. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy and affects 9%–26% of all pregnancies (Sacks et al. 2012). It has been defined as glucose intolerance with onset (Dirar and Doupis 2017) or first recognition during pregnancy (Challis et al. 2009). GDM results from insulin resistance developing despite the increasing insulin demand that occurs as the foetus grows (Dirar and Doupis 2017). It has been reported that, in addition to increased diabetogenic hormone secretion from the placenta, decreased adipokine secretion in parallel with maternal weight gain and increased secretion of adipocytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), play a role in the development of insulin resistance (Dirar and Doupis 2017). Moreover, it was determined that, along with the increased insulin resistance in most pregnant women with GDM, the pancreatic β cells are unable to secrete sufficient amounts of insulin, and thus contribute to the development of hyperglycaemia (Challis et al. 2009). This condition is usually diagnosed at 24–28 weeks of gestation during which placental lactogen secretion rises (Woodside and Bradford 2021) and it has been observed that glucose intolerance returns to normal postpartum in the majority of the cases (Coustan et al. 2010).
Impact of pregnancy on voice: a prospective observational study
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2022
Burak Ulkumen, Burcu Artunc-Ulkumen, Onur Celik
Pregnancy is characterized by major physiological changes which alter the metabolism and anatomy of women [11]. These changes are primarily orchestrated by sex hormones (gonadocorticoids) which are also known to affect the human larynx. Human placental lactogen, placental growth hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen and progesterone are the main hormones which increase during pregnancy [18]. Progesterone and estrogen stand out in some respects. The influence of progesterone and estrogen on the larynx has been studied both in relation to pregnancy and different gonadocorticoid related disorders. It has been shown that fluctuation of serum progesterone and estrogen levels due to various conditions cause significant voice changes [6–9]. The effect of estrogen and progesterone on the laryngeal mucosa has also been demonstrated from a histological and biomolecular perspective [10,19]. It has been shown that estrogen leads to hypertrophy of vocal cord mucosa while progesterone leads to thickened mucosal secretions [19]. In our previous study, we revealed pregnancy related increase of MUC5AC levels in vocal cord mucosa, which was expected to affect voice [10]. Hereby, in the current study, we revealed pregnancy related voice changes regarding objective and subjective voice parameters.
Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester by fasting plasma glucose which cutoff is better?
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
A. Seval Ozgu-Erdinc, Umit Yasemin Sert, Hatice Kansu-Celik, Ozlem Moraloglu Tekin, Yaprak Engin-Ustun
GDM is getting one of the most common health problems by increasing IR in the world. Increased estrogen, progesterone, and circulating level of cortisol during pregnancy are assumed as the hormonal causes of IR (Barbour et al. 2007). In addition to hormonal changes, placental tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, human placental lactogen, and growth hormone are accused of glucose imbalance due to pregnancy-associated IR (Catalano et al. 1991, Barbour et al. 2007). Insulin level progressively increases from the second trimester to the third trimester to be able to struggle with advancing IR. GDM occurs when compensatory mechanisms of the pancreas are not sufficient (Alfadhli 2015). Decreasing insulin sensitivity eventuates with GDM which usually disappears after delivery (Catalano et al. 1991).