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Endocrine Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates LH and FSH synthesis/secretion from gonadotrophs, regulating normal ovarian function (Figure 12.6) and testicular function (Figure 12.7).
Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are widely used in clinical gynecologic practice for the treatment of endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas. Leuprolide acetate (Lupron) is an agent that is frequently used for these conditions. Although no epidemiological studies are published of infants born following Lupron therapy, it is unlikely that the risk of congenital anomalies is high following exposure to this drug during pregnancy (Friedman and Polifka, 2006). Chronic administration of agonists downregulates the pituitary gonadotropin receptors, thereby suppressing release of LH and FSH, leading to a hypoestrogenic state. The likelihood of pregnancy occurring while a woman is given GnRH agonists is extremely low. However, GnRH agonists may also be used prior to HMG therapy in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization cycles. Typically, administration is begun in the luteal phase of the cycle, when a patient may be in the early stage of a pregnancy. No epidemiologic studies are published on the risk malformations in the offspring of women treated with this drug during pregnancy.
Fibroid and Infertility
Published in Rooma Sinha, Arnold P. Advincula, Kurian Joseph, FIBROID UTERUS Surgical Challenges in Minimal Access Surgery, 2020
Aarti Deenadayal Tolani, Kadambari, Hema Desai, Suhasini Donthi, Mamata Deenadayal
Treatment options are mainly medical and surgical. Medical treatments delay the time to conception and hence are not preferred for infertility patients. They are used mainly in large mucous myomas to reduce the size prior to surgery. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are the mainstay of treatment.
Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2023
Sunggyu Yoon, Mingyu Shin, Jiwon Shim
Recent studies have extended the significance of brain functions to animal physiology and homeostasis (Castillo-Armengol et al., 2019; Roh et al., 2016). One example of such control is the endocrine system involving the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or pineal gland in humans, where various hormones are released into blood vessels to modulate the function of other organs. The mechanism underlying the human menstrual cycle is modified by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) generated by gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The release of FSH and LH is activated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), controlled by negative estrogen feedback produced by the ovary (Mihm et al., 2011). In addition to endocrine pathways transmitted via representative hormones, unconventional signaling molecules, including neurotransmitters and metabolic byproducts, also serve as signaling messengers (Gancheva et al., 2018; Marina et al., 2018; Newsholme et al., 2003), which together facilitate inter-organ interaction. However, owing to the sophisticated nature of such interactions, it is challenging to delineate the mechanistic details underlying inter-organ communication in vivo, especially in higher vertebrates.
Meta-analysis of the relation between irritable bowel syndrome and antibodies against endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Karam R. Motawea, Joseph Varney, Mohamed Gamal, Kirellos Said Abbas, Fatma A. Monib, Mhd Kutaiba Albuni, Elias Battikh, Bisher Sawaf, Lina Taha Khairy, Agyad Bakkour, Ali Hadi Hussein Muwaili, Fatima Abubaker Abdalla Abdelmajid, Eman Mohammed Sharif Ahmed, Dhuha Hadi Hussein Muwaili, Safaa M. A. Ahmed, Sarya Swed
Little research has been done on the role of GnRH in gastrointestinal function. In a study using immunochemistry, Huang et al16 discovered that GnRH-R and leuprolide acetate, which do not act through GnRH receptors, were detectable in the intestinal epithelium and myenteric ganglia of small and large rats. This revealed enhanced motor activity in the rodents’ gut muscle cells.17 GnRH is known as a 9-residue gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. GnRH could explain why IBS is an immunological disease, with patients developing autoantibodies against endogenous GnRH located in intestinal neurons, resulting in IBS.8 According to some studies, antibodies to GnRH have been associated with autoimmune diseases such as primary Sjögren’s syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and diabetes, as the antibodies were found in sera.9 The presence of GnRH was revealed in the human enteric nervous system.18
Dual trigger with the combination of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and standard dose of human chorionic gonadotropin improves in vitro fertilisation outcomes in poor ovarian responders
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ilknur Mutlu, Erhan Demirdag, Funda Cevher, Ahmet Erdem, Mehmet Erdem
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists have been used as an alternative to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to trigger ovulation in GnRH antagonist protocols in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles (Gonen et al. 1990). GnRH agonist (GnRHa) trigger has some advantages as reducing the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) as a consequence of shorter half-life of endogenous LH surge (Kol et al. 1996; Kol 2004; Orvieto 2005) and increasing the number of mature oocytes by inducing the surge of both FSH and LH (Humaidan et al. 2005; Humaidan et al. 2011). On the other hand, the GnRH agonist trigger causes a defective corpus luteum by decreasing luteal phase progesterone levels, which causes significantly lower implantation and higher abortion rates (Humaidan et al. 2005; Kolibianakis et al. 2005). ‘Dual trigger’ as a combination of a single bolus of GnRH agonist with a reduced dose of hCG has been used in high-responders to rescue the luteal phase and to improve pregnancy rates while decreasing OHSS (Shapiro et al. 2008, 2011; Griffin et al. 2012).