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Craniopharyngioma
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Hermann L. Müller, Claire Alapetite, Jeffrey Wisoff
Roth and colleagues analyzed the gastrointestinal hormones ghrelin and peptide YY and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and their effect on satiety regulation in patients with childhood craniopharyngioma and hypothalamic obesity.257,258 Their findings support the hypothesis that reduced ghrelin secretion and impaired postprandial suppression of ghrelin in patients with childhood craniopharyngioma and severe hypothalamic obesity lead to disturbed regulation of appetite and satiety. Peptide YY serum concentrations did not differ between normal-weight, obese, and severely obese patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. A possible pathogenic role of peripheral α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in childhood craniopharyngioma obesity has also been reported.259
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
The gastrointestinal hormones considered herein are cholecystokinin (CCK; pancreozymin), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), gastrin, motilin, secretin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). These are manufactured and released from the mucosa of the stomach and/or small intestine.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
In the liver, glucokinase79, 611and the amino-acid-degrading enzymes471, 1224 increase activities (“late suckling cluster”). These enzymes have high KM and are specialized for the metabolism (“skimming”) of the nutrients of the portal blood. Urea-cycle enzymes also increase in activity.593, 1189 Gluconeogenesis,1628 ketogenesis,855 and fatty acid oxidation854 decrease, while the synthesis of lipid from carbohydrate gains in importance.78 The regulation of digestion and metabolism by diet and gastrointestinal hormones also matures.
Evaluation of plasma cholecystokinin levels and gallbladder functions in hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective cohort study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Müge Keskin, Tuba Çandar, Mehmet Çoban, Kaan Gökçe Ataç, Aslı Yarci Gürsoy, Gamze Sinem Çağlar
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone and a neurotransmitter peptide expressed in the brain. It is secreted by enteroendocrine cells (I cells) located in the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and proximal ileum and by specialised neurons in the myenteric plexus and brain. CCK stimulates contraction of the gallbladder (GB) and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (Liddle 2000; Wang et al. 2017). Pregnancy induces morphological and functional biliary tract changes, and both animal and human studies have reported elevated CCK levels during pregnancy (Rådberg et al. 1987; Frick et al. 1990). Even if the pathophysiology has not yet been clarified, the proposed mechanisms depend on either enhanced secretion or reduced elimination of CCK (Rådberg et al. 1987). Concerning the physiological implications of enhanced CCK levels, GB contractility does not increase during pregnancy (Rådberg et al. 1987; Portincasa et al. 2003; Housset et al. 2016), possibly because of reduced GB sensitivity to CCK (Kline and Karpinski 2005) with the decrease in the CCK-A receptor expression or impaired signalling through this receptor during pregnancy (Ladyman et al. 2011).
Acupoint Massage Can Effectively Promote the Recovery of Gastrointestinal Function after Gynecologic Laparoscopy
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Di Ruan, Jingjing Li, Junchang Liu, Dandan Li, Ning Ji, Cheng Wang, Yujiang Qu, Yongtao Li
The vagus nerve of the autonomic nervous system regulates gastrointestinal motility by stimulating the release of different gastrointestinal hormones [14]. Motilin is among the one that promotes the motility of gut intestine during digestion [15], and indeed, motilin is one of the indicators that have been clinically used to evaluate postoperative gastrointestinal function [16]. In past few years, the functional relationship between the meridian and autonomic nervous systems has been extensively studied. Acupoint massage was shown to modulate both heart rate variability and meridian electrical conductance [17]. Enhanced qi circulation is believed to promote the stimulating effect of the vagus nerve on gut motility. In accordance to this hypothesis, our data showed that the qi-promoting massage could profoundly elevate not only motilin but also cholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin mediates digestion in the small intestine, and stimulates digestive enzyme releases from the pancreas [18]. Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones including motilin and cholecystokinin [19]. Here, we showed that the acupoint massage could reduce somatostatin level in patients, resulting in the up-regulation of digestion-promoting hormones.
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: potential mechanisms for the benefit of capsaicin and hot water hydrotherapy in treatment
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
John R. Richards, Jeff M. Lapoint, Guillermo Burillo-Putze
TRPV1 receptors appear to be involved in gastric protection and modulation of inflammation [25]. Capsaicin stimulation of these receptors results in the release of somatostatin, a peptide hormone with anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties [107]. Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, ghrelin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon [108–110]. Somatostatin increases the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction and blood flow [106]. Capsaicin protects against indomethacin- and ethanol-associated gastropathy, reduces gastric acid output, and increases gastric emptying [111]. Capsaicin-induced release of somatostatin may be beneficial in cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome patients because of these inhibitory effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Capsaicin improves esophageal peristalsis and reduces distention in healthy human subjects, which may mitigate nausea and emesis [112].