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Ochratoxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio, Félix Núñez
The Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis. Environmental rather than genetic factors play a decisive role in the etiopathogenesis of BEN.29 The highest exposure to OTA has been found in the area where BEN is prevalent. Given the toxicity associated to OTA, this toxin was related to BEN. However, OTA is not likely to be the only etiological factor involved in BEN,30 and there is no evidence that OTA is responsible for any nephropathy in humans.31 The plant Aristolochia clematis has both nephrotoxic and carcinogenic action, and the changes observed in rabbits poisoned with Aristolochia seeds corresponded completely to those characteristic of BEN. Dietary exposure to aristolochic acid, present in A. clematis, is a significant risk factor for BEN. It is now believed that other mycotoxins and aristolochic acid may be involved in BEN as well as in other mycotoxic nephropathies.32 However, exposure analysis results suggest that neither OTA nor aristolochic acid can be firmly linked to BEN.29
Aristolochic Acid Distribution in Ayurvedic Formulations
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Aristolochic acids are hypothesized to be causative agents in Balkan endemic nephropathy (Gluhovschi et al. 2011) and a related—possibly identical—condition known as “Chinese herbs nephropathy” (De Broe 2012). Exposure to aristolochic acid is linked to urothelial cancer (Lai et al. 2009). However, despite these well-documented dangers, aristolochic acid is still present sometimes in herbal remedies (such as for weight loss), primarily because of the substitution of innocuous herbs with Aristolochia species (National toxicological program 2008).
Aspergillus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
László Kredics, János Varga, Rajagopalaboopathi Jayasudha, Sándor Kocsubé, Nikolett Baranyi, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Muthusamy Chandrasekaran, Shine Kadaikunnan, Venkatapathy Narendran, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Palanisamy Manikandan
Several nephropathies affecting animals and humans can be attributed to OTA, including the Danish porcine nephropathy as well as renal disorders detected in other animals [25]. In the case of humans, OTA is often mentioned as the possible causative agent of the Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [26], although recently aristolochic acid was suggested to play a major role in the etiology of this disease [27]. OTA also proved to exhibit immunosuppressive, teratogenic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic properties [28]. The IARC classified OTA as a possible human carcinogen in the Group 2B category [20].
Mechanisms underlying citrinin-induced toxicity via oxidative stress and apoptosis-mediated by mitochondrial-dependent pathway in SH-SY5Y cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Mahmoud Abudayyak, Ecem Fatma Karaman, Sibel Ozden
CIT is a known nephrotoxic contaminant in experimental animals and studies have shown its effects on tissues such as liver, cardiac and gastrointestinal tissues (Gupta et al.1979, 1983, Krejci et al.1996, Flajs and Peraica, 2009, EFSA 2012). However, the potential toxic effects of CIT on neuronal tissues have remained unclear (IARC 1986, 1993). Based on CIT and OTA’s shared roles in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy, we hypothesized that CIT, like OTA, may also exhibit neurotoxic effects on top of its established nephrotoxicity. Its mechanisms of toxicity in other tissues include cell death, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, which may indicate these same mechanisms in a hypothetical CIT-induced neurotoxicity. This study aimed to assess different end points, including oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related parameters, to illuminate CIT-induced neurotoxicity and evaluate the mechanisms involved.
Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Jingsheng Yu, Meihua Yang, Jianping Han, Xiaohui Pang
OTA is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus (Varga et al. 1996, Nöbauer et al. 2017, Perrone and Susca 2017). Among ochratoxin group, OTA is the most abundant and toxic, and has been considered as Group IIB human carcinogen by IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer (1993). OTA exerts toxic effects, including nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and immunosuppressive properties. It is also reported that OTA is implicated in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (Abouzied et al. 2002). The toxicological study showed that ochratoxin could induce hepatocyte apoptosis through regulating Mir-122 and related target genes in liver (Zhu et al. 2016). Qi et al. (2014) observed that the kidney was damaged seriously when the rats were administrated with OTA for 13 weeks. However, OTA exerted limited effect on oxidative stress parameters, suggesting that the cell proliferation is the proposed mode of action for OTA-induced renal carcinogenicity. OTA exhibited thermal stability in the study performed by Boudra et al. (1995). The result showed the absence of complete thermal destruction of OTA during the heating process (100 to 250 °C). Therefore, the contamination of OTA in herbal medicines is difficult to eliminate.
Risk characterisation of constituents present in jamu to promote its safe use
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Suparmi Suparmi, Dasep Wahidin, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
AAs, including AA-I and AA-II, are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic compounds (Kumar et al. 2003). They are classified as group 1 carcinogens and belong to the most potent 2% of known carcinogens (IARC 2007; Stiborova et al. 2009). Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is potentially a crucial problem in the Asian area since a lot of people in this region still are convinced that traditional Chinese herbal medicines, which frequently contain AA producing plants, are safer than chemically produced “Western” drugs (Hong et al. 2006). AAN was reported in Belgium in 1991, where over 100 young women suffered from end-stage renal disease and in several cases cancer in the kidneys and the upper urinary tract due to the confusing nomenclature, resulting in a replacement of Stephania tetrandra (“Han Fang Ji”) by Aristolochia fangchi (“Guang Fang Ji”) in a Chinese herb-based weight-loss preparation (Gillerot et al. 2001). Similar to incidences of AAN, Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) occurring in Balkan regions in the 1950s, was ascribed to flour contaminated with Aristolochia clematitis (Arlt et al. 2002; Jelaković et al. 2014). More cases of AAN were reported in other countries including Spain, Japan, France, Belgium, UK, Taiwan, USA, Germany, China, Korea, Hong Kong, Australia, and Bangladesh (Gillerot et al. 2001; Jadot et al. 2017). Due to the severity of AAN and the past incidences, the use of AA-containing botanicals, especially Aristolochia sp. (Aristolochiaceae) is banned since 2001 in many countries worldwide (Debelle et al. 2008; Heinrich et al. 2009), including Indonesia (BPOM-RI 2001).