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Heatwave, mental health–substance use
Published in David B Cooper, Introduction to Mental Health–Substance Use, 2017
Lynette Cusack, Charlotte de Crespigny, Peter Athanasos
With the progression of global warming it is predicted that the incidence of heatwave will increase. This natural phenomenon produces high temperatures, 24 hours a day, over many days or even weeks. During such prolonged periods of heat, morbidity and mortality attributed to causes such as dehydration, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory events increase substantially. Specific adverse health outcomes associated with high environmental temperatures include: ➤ heat stroke➤ heat exhaustion➤ heat syncope➤ heat cramps.1
Correlation of neurological level and sweating level of injury in persons with spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2021
Michelle Trbovich, Ashley Ford, Yubo Wu, Wouter Koek, Jill Wecht, Dean Kellogg
Injury to the spinal cord disrupts the afferent neural connection of skin temperature to the hypothalamus from much of the body surface and the efferent autonomic output from hypothalamus to the blood vessels and sweat glands. As a result, core temperature (Tc) regulation under conditions of heat stress is impaired after SCI. Such thermoregulatory dysfunction after SCI predisposes persons to heat related illness (HRI) (i.e. heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat stroke) under high ambient temperature conditions.1,2 Symptoms of HRI range from moderate dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness and confusion to potentially life-threatening sequelae of cardiac arrhythmias, coma, and seizures. Core temperatures (Tc) in persons with SCI can rise to dangerous levels (>37.8°C) in a short period of time with little self-awareness.1,3 In addition to the adverse sequelae, persons with SCI self-report more physical discomfort and decreased participation in outdoor activities compared to able-bodied persons in hot environments.4
Impact of rhabdomyolysis on outcomes of hospitalizations for heat stroke in the United States
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Charat Thongprayoon, Tananchai Petnak, Swetha R. Kanduri, Karthik Kovvuru, Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Boonphiphop Boonpheng, Api Chewcharat, Tarun Bathini, Juan Medaura, Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula, Wisit Kaewput
Heat-associated illnesses include a variety of conditions, from heat syncope to heat stroke [1–4]. Heat stroke is the most severe on this spectrum and is defined as a rise in core body temperature to more than, but not limited to, 40.5°C [2]. It is associated with neurological symptoms such as confusion, delirium, dizziness, slurred speech, and agitation. Heat stroke is categorized as either classic or exertional [5–7]. The first type commonly affects older individuals with underlying predisposing factors, chronic medical conditions, or prescription medication use who have been exposed to high-temperature environments [5,6,8]. The latter type, exertional heat stroke, is more evident in young, active individuals after strenuous physical activity like those carried out by military personnel, marathon runners, athletes, or agricultural workers subjected to excessive metabolic activity [9,10].
Use of the heat tolerance test to assess recovery from exertional heat stroke
Published in Temperature, 2019
Katherine M. Mitchell, Samuel N. Cheuvront, Michelle A. King, Thomas A. Mayer, Lisa R. Leon, Robert W. Kenefick
The combination of increased metabolic heat production and exposure to hot environmental conditions increases susceptibility to exertional heat illness. There can be confusion regarding the relationship among the categories of heat illnesses (exhaustion, injury, and stroke). It is important to understand that one illness does not “progress” into the next (Figure 1). However, within each category of illness, there is a spectrum of severity which can contribute to difficulty in diagnosis because signs and symptoms of each illness can overlap. True forms of heat illness include heat exhaustion, heat injury, and heat stroke. Less severe conditions, such as miliaria rubra (heat rash) and heat syncope are often inappropriately grouped with other heat related illnesses because of their tendency to occur in warm environments. Heat exhaustion is generally thought of as a moderate form of heat illness in which elevated body temperature and reduced organ perfusion result in fatigue. Organ damage and central nervous system dysfunction with heat exhaustion are absent or extremely mild and recovery occurs rapidly with the cessation of heat stress. Exertional heat injury is a more severe form of heat illness that presents with reversible organ damage. The most severe, and potentially lethal, form of heat injury is heat stroke, which is characterized by profound central nervous system dysfunction in combination with severe hyperthermia and often with end organ damage.