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Trauma Scoring Systems and Their Application
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The abbreviated injury scale (AIS), first published in 1969, is anatomically based. It was derived by the American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM), which felt that the International Classification of Diseases dictionary (ICD) did not describe the severity of injuries with sufficient granularity, in particular with regard to severity. Within AIS there is a single severity score—threat to life—for each injury a patient may sustain. Scores range from 1 (minor) to 6 (incompatible with life). Examples are given in Table 35.1.
The Injury Severity Score: A Method for Describing Patients with Multiple Injuries and Evaluating Emergency Care
Published in Stephen M Cohn, Ara J. Feinstein, 50 Landmark Papers every Trauma Surgeon Should Know, 2019
SP Baker, B O’Neill, W Haddon, WB. Long, J Trauma
Finally, Haddon and Brian O'Neill, who was then the senior statistician at IIHS and later its president, liked my idea of studying a series of traffic deaths and hospitalized injuries in Baltimore City. We had no inkling that what would evolve would be the ability to measure the effect on trauma survival of having more than one injury. At that time, the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was the best thing we had for describing injury severity, but it applied only to individual injuries.
Micronutrients in Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is one of the most commonly used severity scoring systems. Individual with GCS scores of 3–8 are classified with a pTBI, those with scores of 9–12 classified with a moderate TBI, and those with scores of 13–15 are classified with a mild TBI. Other classification systems include the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), the Trauma Score, and the Abbreviated Trauma Scores. These classifications are useful in clinical management of TBI, because the prognosis for concussion is better than for pTBI.
Effects of different helmet-mounted devices on pilot’s neck injury under simulated ejection
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Jinglong Liu, Heqing Liu, Weiping Bu, Yawei Wang, Peng Xu, Minglei Wu, Yubo Fan
During ejection, the human head–neck is mainly subjected to the compression in the Z-axis direction and flexion/extension response in the sagittal plane, therefore the 2013). The criteria were applied to the joints between occipital and C1 (OC-C1) and C7-T1 in this study, which were commonly associated with injury, also there were no critical values for other cervical spine segments (White et al. 2015; Ke et al. 2018). Different critical values for OC-C1 and C7-T1 cervical spine segment were selected according to the results from tests by Mertz et al. (2003), as summarized in Table 3. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was developed for tracking injury in aircraft and automotive, which has become an internationally recognized scoring system for various traumatic injuries (Loftis et al. 2018). An AIS score of 1-6 corresponds to the varying degree of injury of a specific human body region, namely minor, moderate, serious, severe, critical, and maximal (Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine2018). To predict the risk of neck injury quantitatively, the modified risk curves were used to predict the risk of AIS 2 injury and AIS 3 injury, as proposed by Parr et al. (2013). The equation for the modified human AIS 2 risk curve and AIS 3 risk curve was shown as following formula respectively (Formula 2 and 3):
A Retrospective Analysis of Combat Injury Patterns and Prehospital Interventions Associated with the Development of Sepsis
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2023
Brandon M. Carius, Grace E. Bebarta, Michael D. April, Andrew D. Fisher, Julie Rizzo, Patrick Ketter, Joseph C. Wenke, Jose Salinas, Vikhyat S. Bebarta, Steven G. Schauer
We performed all statistical analyses using Microsoft Excel (version 10, Redmond, Washington) and JMP Statistical Discovery from SAS (version 13, Cary, NC). We present continuous variables as means and 95% confidence intervals, non-parametric continuous variables and ordinal variables as medians and interquartile ranges, and nominal variables as percentages and numbers. Inferential analyses were performed to assess for strength of differences across the groups. Nominal variables were compared using the chi square test, continuous variables were compared using student’s t-test, and non-normally distributed continuous variables and ordinal variables were compared using the Wilxon rank sum test. We analyzed the data under the assumption of correct and complete documentation of all rendered care. Given low incidence of disease within our population, we used a penalized Firth regression model to search for associations with the diagnosis of sepsis in a multivariable model (28,29). We calculated p-values to evaluate the likelihood of observed differences being due to chance. We dichotomized the abbreviated injury scale values as “serious” for an AIS ≥ 3 and “not serious” as AIS < 3 as previously established with registry analyses (30,31).
The relationship between self-reported physical functioning, mental health, and quality of life in Service members after combat-related lower extremity amputation
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Susan L. Eskridge, Jessica R. Watrous, Cameron T. McCabe, Mary C. Clouser, Michael R. Galarneau
In the present study, the EMED was used to confirm the combat-related lower extremity amputations and to provide demographic variables (age, sex, service branch, and military rank/pay grade), as well as injury circumstances and characteristics (injury mechanism and severity, amputation level, and time from injury to survey). The time from injury to survey was calculated as the difference between injury date in EMED and survey date from WWRP. Injury severity was assessed using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies the severity and anatomical location of each injury an individual experienced by nine body regions on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (currently untreatable). The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was derived from AIS scores and represents overall injury severity with a focus on mortality risk [26,27].