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Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungus that has become the most widely distributed dermatophyte of humans (Figure 1.5(a) and (b)). It frequently causes chronic infections of skin, nails and, rarely, scalp. Granulomatous lesions may sometimes occur. Key features include culture characteristics, microscopic morphology and failure to perforate hair in vitro.
Dermatophytosis
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Iman Salem, Nancy Isham
Trichophyton rubrum is the most prevalent pathogen and most common etiologic agent in the United States for most dermatophytic infections except tinea capitis and fingernail onychomycosis. A recent epidemiological study in the United States from 1999 to 2002 reported increasing incidence of T. rubrum in onychomycosis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis [6]. Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans, on the other hand, were the predominant species for tinea capitis and fingernail onychomycosis, respectively. The primary etiologic agents for the various dermatophytic infections are listed in Table 15.1.
Occupational nail diseases
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Deepika Pandhi, Vandana Kataria
Fungal infections of the nails and periungual region, especially candidiasis, are a common occupational problem. Occupations requiring the hands to be wet or exposed to detergents for prolonged periods, such as dishwashers in restaurants, are more prone to candida paronychia and onycholysis.6 Also, hot, humid environmental conditions prevailing in occupations like coal mining increase vulnerability to developing dermatophytic toenail infections, with Trichophyton rubrum. Toenails are 25 times more likely to be infected than fingernails as the causative molds are ubiquitous fungi seen in soil, water, and decaying vegetations.22Dermatophyte fungi live on the nail plate, and repeated minor trauma permits the fungal organism to invade the nail plate and become established.
Hydroxypropyl chitosan nail lacquer of ciclopirox-PLGA nanocapsules for augmented in vitro nail plate absorption and onychomycosis treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Eman Yahya Gaballah, Thanaa Mohammed Borg, Elham Abdelmonem Mohamed
Ciclopirox (CIX) was purchased from 2A Biotech (Lisle, Illinois, USA). Acid terminated poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) polymers (50:50 grade 5002 A, molecular weight 17000 g/mol and 50:50 grade 5004 A, molecular weight 44000 g/mol) were kindly provided by Corbion (Gorinchem, Netherlands). Glyceryl monolinoleate (Maisine) was kindly provided by Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France). Lipoid S75 was kindly provided by Lipoid AG (Schweiz, Switzerland). Span 60 was purchased from ITWCo. (Darmstadt, Germany). Tween 20 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Hydroxy-propyl chitosan (HPCH) was supplied by Xi’an Imaherb Biotech CO., Ltd (Xi’an Shanxi, China). Cetostearyl alcohol was obtained from Al-Gomhoria Co. (Cairo, Egypt). Acetone, methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Amicon® Ultra-4 centrifugal filter units (4 mL, 10 KDa cutoff units), were purchased from Merck CO. (California, USA). Spectrapor® membrane, MW cutoff: 12,000-14,000 Da, was purchased from Spectrum Medical Industries Inc. (Los Angeles, USA). Sabouraud’s dextrose agar was purchased from Oxoid Ltd (Basingstoke, UK). Trichophyton rubrum strains were obtained from Assiut University Moubasher Mycological Center (Assiut, Egypt). All other chemicals were of fine analytical grade.
Efinaconazole topical solution (10%) for the treatment of onychomycosis in adult and pediatric patients
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Tracey C. Vlahovic, Aditya K. Gupta
Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail bed or plate, is a common nail disorder that affects approximately 10% of the general population [1]. Typically caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum [2], clinical signs of infection include thickening of the nail plate, discoloration of the nail, and separation of the nail plate from the bed [3,4]. Toenail onychomycosis can result in discomfort, interference with walking and wearing shoes, and deformity [5], and can also negatively impact the quality of life [4]. If left untreated, onychomycosis can increase the risk of secondary fungal or bacterial infections [6]. Risk factors for onychomycosis include diabetes, age, peripheral vascular disease, and immunosuppression [4,7].
Consumer preferences of antifungal products for treatment and prevention of tinea pedis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2019
Tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot, is a dermatophyte infection of the plantar feet and interdigital spaces, affecting 70% of the world’s population at some time (1). Risk factors for infection include direct contact with the causative organism, most commonly Trichophyton rubrum. Trauma, as well as prolonged exposure to moisture contribute to risk, and re-infection is common (2), with recurrence attributed to both re-infection and failure to eradicate the original infection (1). Additionally, tinea pedis often precedes and is an important risk factor itself for onychomycosis. Onychomycosis, when chronic and severe may be difficult to treat, with recurrence rates (relapse or re-infection) ranging from 10–53% (3), emphasizing the importance of prevention [4]. In addition, treatment of co-existing tinea pedis has been shown to increase complete cure rates of onychomycosis (5).