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Evaluating Performance Benefits of Conditioning Formulations on Human Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Ronald L. Rizer, Monya L. Sigler, David L. Miller
These studies are designed to evaluate the effects of topically applied test products to alter either the apparent size of facial pores, or the amount of sebum being delivered to the skin surface. The pores are the outward appearance of the sebaceous follicles, and when they are large and numerous we refer to this condition as "orange peel skin," while too much sebum being delivered to the skin surface results in greasy, oily skin, a condition called seborrhea. The sebaceous follicle is always in dynamic equilibrium, producing sebum within the gland, storing sebum in the follicular reservoir, and delivering sebum from the follicular reservoir onto the skin surface, called sebum excretion. Toners and clarifying lotions help to keep the skin surface sebum-free, and effectively reduce the amount of sebum in the sebaceous follicle. But their action is short-lived, since sebogenesis is a powerful process, and the follicular reservoir can refill and begin spewing sebum onto the skin surface within a few hours.
Skin Needling in Acne Scars
Published in Antonella Tosti, Maria Pia De Padova, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Kenneth R. Beer, Acne Scars, 2018
Gabriella Fabbrocini, Marianna Donnarumma, Maria Vastarella
After treatment the skin will feel dry. It is important not to use skin toner or to apply topical product with irritation ingredients such as glycolic/salicylic/TCA, and not to use a topical product with toxic ingredient such as hydroquinone.
Iodine that sustains electronic and information materials
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
OA (office automation) equipment such as a copying machine have become indispensable in everyday life. Here, the principle of a copying machine is considered (see the diagram). When light is applied to negatively charged photoreceptors, those exposed to the light lose their charge. Toner attaches to the remaining positively charged electrons. Areas with a higher charge become darker. Why is charge lost when exposed to light? As the charge-generated material absorbs light and creates pairs of electrons (negative) and electron holes (positive). The charge-generating material transports the electron holes to the surface and binds them with the electrons. As a result, surface charge is negated. To accomplish this, a vital component of the photoreceptor is the charge (electron hole) transport material [22a]. Typical compounds are shown in the center left diagram. All have a tiphenylamine dimer (TPD) structure. The nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons, but these electrons tend to separate and become radical caions. Iodine, in the form of iodine compounds, is used for components in the compounds shown in the diagram. For example, TPD is synthesized from diiodobiphenyl and diphenylamine using the Ullman reaction (reaction formula) [22b].
Thermoregulatory effects of guava leaf extract-menthol toner application for post-exercise use
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Titeyut Wongsanao, Wipavadee Leemingsawat, Vipaporn Panapisal, Thanomwong Kritpet
There is a global acceptance that physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Physical education programs have been modified to increase more class period and frequency engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. As a result, there is no time to shower before moving on to the next class. Our findings implied that the topical application of guava leaf extract-menthol toner could reduce post-exercise perspiration and facilitate cleaning of sweat strain. In this study, considering that most of our participants are adolescents involved in a vigorous-intensity exercise, which is usually in regular physical education program, applying GMT toner for the primary cleaning before taking a shower could be suggested for better personal hygiene. Additional investigation on antibacterial properties would fulfil the benefits of this natural toner. However, an assessment of antibacterial capability should be properly designed in future study to conform to briefly apply of the product and wipe off.
The assessment of the effects of the combination of microdermabrasion and cavitation peeling in the therapy of seborrhoeic skin with visible symptoms of acne punctata
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Anna Kołodziejczak, Angelika Wieczorek, Helena Rotsztejn
The treatment was performed with the use of Microdermabrasion (MIMARI 2, Poland) device. Cosmetic corundum (aluminum oxide) (KOS, Poland) was used as abrasive material. In accordance with European Union Regulation no. 1223/2009, corundum used for microdermabrasion is certified with regard to the new safety assessment system and has been registered in the European Cosmetic Products Notification Portal (CPNP) under number 1635781. Device power was adjusted to participant’s perception, in the range of 100–200 Torr. Sterile tip was used for each person. Patients wore external overlay eye shields for eye protection during the microdermabrasion treatment., because aluminum crystals can potentially cause corneal abrasions. The microdermabrasion lasted for 15–20 minutes. Immediately after the microdermabrasion, a cavitation peeling was performed (SYIS, Poland). The duration of cavitation peeling was 10 minutes. At the end of the whole procedure, the skin was toned used toner with Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract and Panthenol. After that a cream (moisturizing emulsion) with a very high sun protection factor (50 SPF UV filter) was applied.
Cost estimate of platelet transfusion in the United States for patients with chronic liver disease and associated thrombocytopenia undergoing elective procedures
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2018
Christine L. Barnett, Deirdre Mladsi, Michael Vredenburg, Kavita Aggarwal
Our total cost estimate is also likely underestimated because it does not reflect all of the direct costs identified in the conceptual framework. One of the primary reasons for this was that the published literature only presented cost data for a subset of direct costs of platelet collection incurred by the blood collection establishment. In addition to this, although secondary bacterial testing has been estimated to cost $26.65 per unit of platelets41, this direct cost was excluded from the estimated total direct cost of platelet collection as it is unclear to what extent secondary bacterial testing features in current practice. The total estimate cost also does not reflect copays for platelet transfusion. Toner et al. reported average acquisition costs and charges to patients for blood products based on a cross-sectional survey of hospital-based blood bank and transfusion service directors27. The average acquisition cost of apheresis platelets was reported to be $533.90, whereas the average charge to a patient was reported to be $934.31 in 2007 US dollars27. Because our cost estimate uses the acquisition cost of platelets rather than the charge to patients, the cost of the transfusion to patients may be more substantial than our cost estimate provides.