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Dermatophytosis
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Iman Salem, Nancy Isham
Cutaneous fungal infections are a worldwide health concern. While the majority of dermatophyte infections are benign when affecting otherwise healthy individuals, infections in elderly or immunocompromised patients may be accompanied by significant morbidity or mortality. Some forms of dermatomycosis are increasing in incidence, whereas others remain rare [1]. Although newer oral antifungal agents for the treatment of invasive and superficial infections have significantly improved the efficacy of treatment for many fungal infections, side effects, drug interactions, and resistant organisms have created a challenge to find safer and more effective treatments. This chapter blends current clinical knowledge of superficial and cutaneous fungal infections with recent advances in management.
Child health and general practitioners’ management, 1987-2001
Published in Gert P Westert, Lea Jabaaij, François G Schellevis, Morbidity, Performance and Quality in Primary Care, 2018
Hanneke Otters, François Schellevis
Skin problems have become more important over time. We observed increasing incidence rates of impetigo and dermatomycosis in particular. One possible explanation for this finding could be that the increasing use of day care facilities and after-school activities is associated with the higher occurrence of these infectious skin problems.
Lipids of Dermatophytes
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Dermatophytes are responsible for the superficial mycoses called dermatomycosis in animals and human beings. When a eukaryote infects a eukaryotic organism, the range of physiological differences between host and parasite are much smaller than observed with bacterial infections. So, it becomes necessary to have antifungal drugs especially effective against these organisms and also it is important to know the mode of action of these drugs. Various classes of antifungal drugs are available which exert their toxic effects at different levels. Some of these drugs act at the membrane level, leading to permeability changes and altered membrane function, or inhibit a particular enzyme of a biosynthetic pathway, which can be used to bring about selective alterations in the lipid composition to a certain extent (for detail on antifungals see chapters 11 and 12 of this volume).
Miconazole for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. In vitro, in vivo and clinical results. Review of the literature
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Pedro Antonio Regidor, Manopchai Thamkhantho, Chenchit Chayachinda, Santiago Palacios
Millions of patients have been treated with this compound in various formulations. Common indications for topical miconazole include vaginal and oral candidiasis, skin and nail infections due to Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Pityrosporon species, dermatomycosis, and onychomycosis (Zhang et al.2019, Saxon et al.2020, Kaur et al.2021, Workowski et al.2021). Miconazole antifungals are available most commonly in cream but also in gel, solution or spray formulations at a 1% (Jartarkar et al.2021) or 2% concentration (Ridzuan et al.2019), and most are indicated for use twice-daily for 2–4 weeks (Jartarkar et al.2021) or occasionally for up to 6 weeks if required (Barasch and Griffin 2008). More potent miconazole-containing topical preparations are also used, such as in the USA, where several products that contain miconazole, typically a 2–4% cream, have been approved for over the counter (OTC) sale (Hay 2018). When using miconazole topically, particularly in the form of a cream, serious adverse effects are uncommon; reports of maceration, redness of the skin, and allergic or irritant contact dermatitis are sporadic and rare (Poojary 2017).
Strategies to improve the diagnosis and clinical treatment of dermatophyte infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Two novel PCR diagnostics are applicable in clinical routine, real-time PCR: DermaGenius® 2.0 [31–33] and microarray EUROArray Dermatomycosis kit [33,34]. DermaGenius® is a very rapid and easy-to-perform test and can easily identify the most frequent dermatophytes (T. rubrum, T. interdigitale, and M. canis). However, DermaGenius® is not allowed to detect many species, which leads to lower specificity [33]. DermaGenius®-PCR enables the detection of dermatophyte DNA, even in mixed infections with some non-dermatophyte fungi (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis or Fusarium spp.) or non-Candida albicans (e.g. C. parapsilosis) species [31]. Importantly, the EUROArray Dermatomycosis kit is very helpful for the rapid and specific detection of most dermatophytes and of some other fungi that are relevant in superficial skin infections. Owing to the hybridization step, the EUROArray test is a more complex test to perform in the clinical laboratory. Overall, both molecular tests are useful for the detection and differentiation of dermatophytes, which can yield results in less than a day [33].
Ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes using dog and cat hair: an ethically viable approach for an infection model
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante, Lara de Aguiar, Jamille Alencar Sales, Géssica dos Santos Araújo, Vandbergue Santos Pereira, Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto, Adriana de Queiroz Pinheiro, Germana Costa Paixão, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Bersano, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha, Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
Dermatophytes are filamentous fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, which use keratin as their main nutritional source (Segal and Frenkel 2015; Moriello et al. 2017). Dermatophytosis is the name of the infection caused by these fungi and is the most frequent dermatomycosis in animals. A prevalence of 49.7% has been reported in animals with fungal infections (Shokri and Khosravi 2016). Previous studies indicate that M. canis, M. gypseum and T. mentagrophytes are the most commonly isolated species, accounting for 95% of the cases of dermatophytosis in companion animals (Mattei et al. 2014; Shokri and Khosravi 2016). There is no sexual predilection for the occurrence of dermatophytosis, but higher incidence is observed in young and old animals. As for the breed, higher prevalence and more severe lesions have been observed in Yorkshire Terrier dogs and Persian cats. In these breeds, cases of dermatophytosis presented as subcutaneous infections or pseudomycetomas have been reported (Moriello et al. 2017).