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Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Oligonucleotide Drug Delivery System
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Manish P. Patel, Praful D. Bharadia, Kunjan B. Bodiwala, Mustakim M. Mansuri, Jayvadan Patel
Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Phaenerocheate chrysosporium are types of fungus which are used in nanoparticle synthesis. Fungi can produce large amounts of enzymes that are responsible for NPs generation, so that they yield a high amount of product or NPs. Fungus is generally used in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium oxysporum, Colleotrichum sp. ALF2-6, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus fumigatus BTCB10, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma viride, Isaria fumosorosea, Guignardia mangifera, Duddingtonia flagan, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium oxalicum, Arthroderma fulvum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC8785, Guilger-Casagrande, Lima Fungal, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Penicillium oxalicum GRS-1 are some fungi which are widely used in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Guilger-Casagrande and de Lima, 2019a).
Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Chrysosporium Species of Chrysosporium are occasionally isolated from skin and nail scrapings, especially from feet, but because they are common soil saprophytes they are usually considered as contaminants. There are about 22 species of Chrysosporium. Several are keratinophilic with some also being thermotolerant. Cultures may closely resemble some dermatophytes, especially Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Histoplasma capsulatum
Published in Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward, Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward
The conidia of Chrysosporium parvum morphologically resemble those of H. capsulatum. Chrysosporium species are also dimorphic, but this is a false dimorphism since they do not convert from mold to yeast at 37°C. Chrysosporium species have the antigens secreted, and found in fungal extracts, cross-reacting with those used for the diagnostic kits of H. capsulatum, which results in nonspecific precipitaion bands (see above).
Drosophila as a model for assessing nanopesticide toxicity
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
In recent years, the development and application of nanomaterial-based formulations in pesticide production has emerged as a potential solution to the unwanted effects of conventional pesticides. Nanopesticides include nanomaterials (NMs) used as carriers of pesticidal substances to enable their controlled release at more efficient doses and refer to a wide range of products combining various surfactants, capsules, metal oxides, particles, and polymers on the nanoscale (often measuring 1–100 Nm) (Table 1). These include nano form of pyrifluquinaz, which is designed to modify insect behavior by interfering with the insect’s feeding activity (Kang et al. 2012), nanocapsules of botanical insecticides [(the major constituents of Eucalyptus extract: 1,8-cineole (70.94%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (6.08%)] (Khoshrafta et al. 2019), nano-size silver (Ag) colloidal solution as fungicidal (Kim et al. 2012), neem-oil loaded zein nanoparticles (NPs) (Pascoli et al. 2019), fungus Chrysosporium tropicum used for synthesizing the Ag and gold (Au) NPs as a larvicide against Aedes aegypti (Soni and Prakash 2012), Mesoporous silica NPs (MSN) for storage and controlled release of metalaxyl fungicide (Wanyika 2013). Another example is a nanogel produced from methyl eugenol (a pheromone) using a low-molecular mass gelator to prevent pests from harming a range of fruits such as guava (Bhagat, Samanta, and Bhattacharya 2013).
Biological activity of terpene compounds produced by biotechnological methods
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Roman Paduch, Mariusz Trytek, Sylwia K. Król, Joanna Kud, Maciej Frant, Martyna Kandefer-Szerszeń, Jan Fiedurek
The biotransformation process was carried out in submerged cultures using the psychrotrophic fungi Mortierella minutissima van Tieghem (Mortierellaceae) and Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) S. Hughes (Onygenaceae) isolated from soils collected in the Arctic tundra (Spitsbergen). Fungal cultures and bioconversion experiments were performed in a liquid medium (BM) consisting of malt extract 1%, peptone 0.5%, glucose 1%, and yeast extract 0.5%.
Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by novel Fe3O4- newly isolated Actinomucor sp. bio-nanoadsorbent: functional group study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ramin Masoudi, Hamid Moghimi, Ehsan Azin, Ramezan Ali Taheri
Adsorption capacity was measured at different times. Based on experimental data, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics plot were drawn. The kinetic data and the rate constants describe such adsorption process, pseudo-first model applicable only over the initial period of the sorption process, while pseudo-second order model is generally more appropriate to investigate the adsorption kinetic of heavy metals. Amount of correlation coefficient (R2) and calculated equilibrium capacities (qe,cal) demonstrated that the Cd2+ adsorption kinetics by Fe3O4–Actinomucor sp. follow the pseudo-second order equation. This result indicates implicitly that both factors of the initial concentration and adsorption sites affect on the uptake rate. However, the rate-limiting step may be a chemical adsorption involving valence forces through sharing or exchanging of electrons. On the other hand, the low value of k2 (k2 = 0.01 g mg−1 min−1) suggests that the adsorption system associated with the number of unoccupied sites. This means that the uptake rate was decreased with the increase in contact time. As shown in Figure 4(b), the major adsorption occurred with 80% of maximum removal of cadmium during the initial 60 min. The adsorption equilibrium times was determined approximately 120 min. Supposedly, the adsorption of Cd2+ by bio-nanocomposite was a two-step process: a fast interaction between cadmium ions with surface of bio-nanoadsorbent that followed by a slow intracellular diffusion. Xu et al (2012) reported that Pb(II) adsorption by Fe3O4–Phanerochaete chrysosporium bio-nanocomposite follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model [15]. The parameters for the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models for the bio-nanocomposite are presented in Table 2. Pseudo-first and second-order models diagram for this adsorbent is presented in Figure 1.