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Optical Methods for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Screening
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Robert Bartlett, Gennadi Saiko, Alexandre Yu. Douplik
Wounds that fail to progress through the normal stages of healing and are still open at 1 month are considered “chronic wounds” [5]. Failure to heal is typically multifactorial, with several different disease processes (comorbidities) interacting. Arterial disease, diabetes, obesity, immune deficiencies, and malnutrition are common comorbidities that delay healing [6].
Global Medicinal Plants and Phyto-Derived Compounds in Wound Healing
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Samantha R. Loggenberg, Namrita Lall
Chronic wound infection may spread to deeper tissues of the body, ultimately resulting in adverse health conditions, such as septicemia or osteomyelitis (pathogenic infection of the blood or bone, respectively). Despite advances in modern medicine, more than 5.3 million people die annually from septicemia (de Janerio, 2019). Pathogenic infection of the blood and other vital organs may lead to an abrupt inflammatory response that spreads throughout the body, known as sepsis. This may result in excess tissue swelling which may decrease normal bodily functions or blood flow to body tissues, ultimately decreasing patient health by causing organ failure and tissue necrosis (Aldridge, 2015).
Dermatological problems and treatment in long-term/nursing-home care
Published in Robert A. Norman, Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
Chronic wounds often result from surgical procedures, traumatic insults, or metabolic, infectious, or neoplastic disorders. Pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, lower-leg ulcers, vascular ulcers, postoperative open wounds and enterocutaneous fistulae are frequent types of chronic wound5.
Challenges faced in developing an ideal chronic wound model
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Mandy Li Ling Tan, Jiah Shin Chin, Leigh Madden, David L. Becker
The tissue repair process involves complex interactions between multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix. Wound healing follows a precisely orchestrated series of events. The events are coordinated by soluble mediators such as growth factors and cytokines. The process is divided into four distinct but overlapping phases – hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling[13,14]. A more detailed summary of the wound healing events is illustrated in Figure 1. In contrast, a chronic wound fails to adhere to these sequences of events and get stuck in the proinflammatory phase. Local factors such as ischemia, tissue maceration and infection can have adverse effects on the normal reparative process. Systemic factors such as age, malnutrition, elevated glucose and comorbidities such as vascular insufficiency and diabetes can further complicate the wound healing process[1]. Reduction in migrative capabilities, chronic inflammation and elevation of proteolytic enzymes and reduction of their inhibitors are also hallmarks of chronic wounds. The following section explores and further discusses the various characteristics of chronic wounds
Optimization of process parameters for fabrication of electrospun nanofibers containing neomycin sulfate and Malva sylvestris extract for a better diabetic wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Mohammed Monirul Islam, Varshini HR, Penmetsa Durga Bhavani, Prakash S. Goudanavar, N. Raghavendra Naveen, B. Ramesh, Santosh Fattepur, Predeepkumar Narayanappa Shiroorkar, Mohammed Habeebuddin, Girish Meravanige, Mallikarjun Telsang, Nagaraja Sreeharsha
Chronic wounds take a long time to heal because of inflammation, inadequate blood flow, and necrotic tissue. As a result, its damp, warm, and nutrient-rich atmosphere make it a perfect growing medium for microbes (Rath et al., 2016a). For certain wounds, microorganisms can colonize the wound bed and build a biofilm, which develops excellent resistance to antimicrobial agents and the immune system (Hill et al., 2010). In this regard, the production of antibacterial wound dressings is of the utmost importance. Antibacterial chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/zinc oxide nanofibrous mats and alginate/silver/nicotinamide nanocomposites are developed to treat diabetic wounds (Montaser et al., 2016; Ahmed et al., 2018). During the past several decades, electrospinning is fast developing from a single-fluid blending process (Abd El Hady et al., 2021; Qi et al., 2021), to coaxial (Ning et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022), triaxial (Liu et al., 2014), side-by-side (Wang et al., 2022), tri-layer side-by-side (Jiang et al., 2022a), and other complicated processes (Du et al., 2022), which greatly expand its capability of creating nanocomposites. However, nanocomposites often contain one drug for a designed drug-controlled release profile (Jaragh-Alhadad et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). Multiple active ingredients can be simultaneously loaded into the nanofibers for a final functional performance (Zhao et al., 2022). Several recent reports summarized the loading of herbal compounds into nanofibers (Jiang et al., 2022a, 2022b).
Recent advancements in cellulose-based biomaterials for management of infected wounds
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Munira Momin, Varsha Mishra, Sankalp Gharat, Abdelwahab Omri
One of the major obstacles to wound healing is the possibility of infection. Bacteria are widespread in the skin flora and, as a result, in wounds. A threshold of 105 bacteria has been proposed as a distinction between colonization and a clinically significant infection that can hamper wound healing. Chronic wounds are often affected by infection. Chronic wounds like diabetic ulcer or wounds resulting from peripheral vascular disease have more necrotic debris, which facilitate bacterial growth. In most cases, the immune system is compromised which limits the ability of the body to combat these bacterial growths [18]. It is estimated that around 60% of chronic infections are caused due to biofilm formation [16,19]. The bacteria S. aureus, Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) are responsible for a number of chronic wound infections [2]